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WORLD HISTORY notes Day 8 Pericles Peloponnesian War Alexander the Great AGE OF PERICLES 461 BC Pericles took control of Athenian government Goals of Pericles: 1) Expand Democracy a. increased size of Assembly [Ecclesia i. included all male citizens over 18 years old ii. passed all laws iii. made final decisions on war and foreign policy iv. began paying officeholders 1. poor citizens could now afford to participate in government 2) Expand the Athenian Empire a. established colonies b. increased Athenian navy 3) Rebuild, Beautify, Protect Athens a. Parthenon b. Walls around Athens to port of Pireus i. If war broke out, they could still get goods into Athens Pericles used money from the Delian League for the benefit of Athens PELOPONNESIAN WAR Series of battles and wars Reasons for war 1)threatened by growing power of Athens 2)increasingly suspicious of Athenian intentions walls, navy, alliances 3)tired of Athenian arrogance Sparta created the “Peleponnesian League” to challenge the Delian League 459 BC Megara-Corinth War led to war between Sparta and Athens both were allies of Sparta Athens took advantage of the war and established a strategic alliance with Megara this gave Athens a critical foothold on the Isthmus of Corinth o Small strip of land that connects southern and northern Greece 446 BC Thirty Years’ Peace signed between Sparta and Athens 431 BC Thebes (Sparta’s ally) attacked Plataea (Athens’ ally) Pericles urges the Athenian Assembly to vote for war o Assembly agrees War resumes between Sparta and Athens Athenian Strategy 1) Use “hit and run” tactics 2) Hide behind its “protective walls” 430 BC Plague hit Athens 1/3 of people died - including Pericles weakens Athens 421 BC Peace of Nicias – fifty year truce 416 BC Alcibiades convinced the Athenians to attack Sparta and its allies on island of Sicily no real reason to help – Athenian “arrogance” and visions of glory Athenian Navy suffered big losses - FAILURE Athens moving towards “Mob Rule” 412 BC Sparta develops navy with help of Persians 405 BC Battle of Aegospotami remainder of Athenian navy was destroyed 404 BC Athens surrenders to Sparta 1) Athens destroyed 2) protective walls torn down 3) ”Pro-Spartan” Oligarchy set up in Athens -- “Thirty Tyrants” 4) no navy – 12 ships 5) END OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY Sparta began to abusing its power and soon other city-states began rebelling against Sparta By 350 BC Greece entered a state of “Anarchy” “IN FIGHTING” WEAKENED GREECE – PREVENTED IT FROM BEING ABLE TO PROTECT ITSELF PHILIP II and the RISE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT Philip II 338 BC Battle of Chaeronea Philip II of Macedon defeated Greeks and took control of Greece used disunity of Greek states to gain control 336 BC Philip II was assassinated at the wedding of his daughter, Cleopatra by Pausanias (bodyguard) Alexander (son) took control Alexander the Great tutored by Aristotle (always carried copy of “Iliad”) great strategist, fight w/ soldiers, paid soldiers Story of Bucephalus According to legend, a wild horse was brought to Philip II to buy, but no one could tame it Alexander claimed that he could tame the horse and bet his father the cost of the horse if he could Alexander noticed that the horse was scared of its shadow, so he led it into the sun, so that its shadow was behind it, all the while stroking it gently and whispering into its ear Eventually, Alexander was able to tame the horse Alexander named him Bucephalus – “Ox Head” Alexander rode the horse during his conquests and even founded a city in its honor in India at its death 334 BC Battle of Granicus River 1st victory Alexander was hit in head with “Battle Axe” and survived 332 BC Alexander went to Egypt told by an oracle that he was a son of Zeus Alexander began to feel he was a god o Alexander's adopted the Persian custom of proskynesis – in which one prostrated himself before the king in an act of subservience and being worshipped as a god 331 BC Battle of Guagamela gained control of western Persian Empire 327 BC Alexander began invading into India 326 BC Alexander’s soldiers threatened “mutiny” if Alexander continued 323 BC Alexander died alcoholic – caught cold with a fever and died after 4 days Alexander the Great’s Legacy NEVER LOST A BATTLE Spread of Hellenism (Hellene = Greek) o Cultural diffusion o politics, law, literature, philosophy, religion, and art Encouraged education