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Back Print Name Class Date Biography The Renaissance Isabella d’Este 1474–1539 WHY SHE MADE HISTORY Isabella d’Este promoted the fine arts during the Renaissance by commissioning artwork and music from renowned artists and musicians of the time. As you read the biography below, think about how Isabella d’Este’s refined taste influenced artists and musicians of the time. Isabella d’Este was a famous Renaissance patron of the arts. She came from a wealthy and powerful family. Since childhood Isabella was known for having an outstanding intellect. At an early age, she learned to translate Greek and Latin. Isabella had a remarkable memory, and knew some of the classics by heart. Isabella also loved music and was skilled at playing the lute, singing, and dancing. Isabella’s family engaged her to Francesco Gonzaga, heir to the Marquis of Mantua. In 1490, after 10 years of engagement, Isabella married Francesco, who was by then the reigning Marquis of Mantua. Isabella and Francesco had seven children, five girls and two boys. Isabella’s husband Francesco was a heroic soldier and perfect gentleman. In Mantua, Isabella helped Francesco promote fine arts and letters through his government. In their castle, Isabella had a studiolo, which was a small room covered with fine paintings and carvings depicting ancient myths. Isabella used this room was to display works of art, showing off her good taste and artistic expertise. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY VOCABULARY patron a wealthy and influential person who sponsors and supports some person or institution Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 8 The Renaissance Back Print Name Class Date Isabella d’Este, continued Biography Isabella’s love for fine arts drove her to collect works from some of the best artists of the time. She backed painters such as Perugino, Titian, Mantegna, and Raphael. Isabella even tried many times to get Leonardo da Vinci to paint her portrait, but he never would. A sketch of her, a drawing, was the only work he did for her. Isabella also loved music and dancing. Under her patronage, a particular type of aristocratic music called the frottola became popular in northern Italy. Isabella enjoyed playing the lute. She also experimented with new instruments and dances. Isabella was a good politician and played an important role in the affairs of Mantua. Isabella always sought the well-being of her people, which made them very loyal to her. While acting as regent for her husband, who had been taken hostage, Isabella successfully commanded the city’s military forces. After her husband’s death in 1519, Isabella once again acted as regent for her son. She was also the ruler of a section of the Romagna, Solarolo. She governed this region until her death in 1539. WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Identify Who were some of the painters that Isabella backed? 2. Evaluate How important do you think it was for painters and other artists to receive the patronage of influential aristocrats? Explain your answer. ACTIVITY 3. If you had the opportunity to become a patron, which person, group, organization, or institution would you choose to support? Write a letter explaining why you have chosen to become the sponsor of the individual or group. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 9 The Renaissance Back Print Answer Key The Renaissance Vocabulary Builder Section 1 5. True 6. False—Don Quixote, written by Miguel de Cervantes, poked fun at the romantic tales of the Middle Ages. 1. ruled Florence; valued education; under 2. 3. 4. 5. family’s rule, Florence became the center of Italian art, literature, and culture means rebirth; emphasis on people as individuals; the period that followed Europe’s Middle Ages one of the greatest travelers in history; traveled as a messenger for the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan; wrote a book called Description of the World caravan route that linked Rome and China from about AD 1 to 200; use declined after the fall of the Roman Empire and Han dynasty; reopened when the Mongols took over China in the 1200s type of government controlled by a single rich merchant family; head of family called signore; competed against each other for wealth and fame Biography Miguel de Cervantes WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Miguel de Cervantes’ most famous work was Don Quixote. 2. Possible answer: Cervantes led a colorful and adventurous life. His experiences, such as his capture by pirates, may have served as subjects for his writing. He had disappointments in life such as financial ruin and imprisonment. This may have caused him to become disillusioned with society and want to write a satire about it. ACTIVITY 3. Answers will vary. Biography Johann Gutenberg Vocabulary Builder Section 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. WHAT DID YOU LEARN? perspective Italian Leonardo da Vinci humanism Dante Alighieri Michelangelo Petrarch Niccolo Machiavelli 1. Johann Gutenberg’s invention was a new printing method using movable type. 2. Possible answer: The new printing method made possible the mechanical reproduction of religious writings without losing their qualities of color and design. ACTIVITY 3. Answers will vary. Vocabulary Builder Section 3 Biography Isabella d’Este 1. False—Johann Gutenberg developed the WHAT DID YOU LEARN? movable type printing press. 2. True 3. False—Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch priest who was the most important scholar of Christian humanism. 4. False—The Praise of Folly was written by Desiderius Erasmus as a criticism of uneducated clergy. 1. Isabella commissioned Perugino, Titian, Mantegna, and Raphael. 2. Possible answer: It was very important for artists to receive the patronage of aristocrats. With their support, artists could achieve recognition and make a living. Without their supports, artists could not have spent their time painting or sculpting because they would have needed to work. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 42 The Renaissance Back Print Answer Key ACTIVITY organ connected with love. In line 7, the speaker mentions love. 2. Love is portrayed as a real presence that has the power to grant wishes, in this case, the speaker’s desire to see the one he loves again. 3. Students’ letters will vary. Biography Jan van Eyck, Raphael, and Titian WHAT DID YOU LEARN? WHAT DID YOU LEARN? Madrigal 2 1. The speaker considers himself or herself 1. Possible answers: Jan van Eyck, Raphael, and Titian were all painters. to be beautiful. 2. Possible answers: Jan van Eyck, Raphael, 2. Possible answer: Beauty is a gift, but one and Titian each contributed his own innovative painting techniques and styles. They served as examples of the humanist tendency in art during the Renaissance. They were great influences on fellow artists of the time and later. that is short-lived. WHAT DID YOU LEARN? The Passionate Man’s Song by John Fletcher 1. The person goes walking around at night ACTIVITY with his or her head down and arms crossed, staring at the ground, unspeaking, but sighing heavily. The writer suggests that even though the melancholy person suffers, there is a sweetness to the suffering that is enjoyable. 2. Answers will vary. Examples: The writer believes that melancholy people are also passionate people. The “passionate man” of the title enjoys being melancholy and wants to sing about it. 3. Pamphlets will vary. Literature CALL-OUT BOXES: (p. 13) Don Quixote sells useful land to buy books. (p. 14) “complicated conceits were as pearls in his sight” ANALYZING LITERATURE 1. He is an educated man because he reads MAKE A COMPARISON novels. He is also somewhat impractical because he sells good land to buy novels. He also doesn’t work very hard. Most of his time is spent on leisure activities. 2. The people ate hash, lentils, bacon, eggs, beef, mutton, and pigeons. They dressed up on holidays. Some of them enjoyed hunting and had housekeepers and helpers. 3. Answers will vary. 1. They all involve passionate feeling, be it love, vanity, or melancholy. 2. Answers will vary. Examples: The Renaissance was a time in which people liked singing about feelings, such as love and sadness. They used songs as a way to tell other how they were feeling and explore their emotions. Primary Source Songs of the Renaissance WHAT DID YOU LEARN? Madrigal 1 1. The person the speaker compares to the sun is the person the speaker loves. In line 4, the speaker mentions his heart, the Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 43 The Renaissance