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LATIN DECLINATION TABLES In Latin, there are five declinations. For knowing the declination of a noun, we have to see the nominative and genitive. 1st declination: the form is a-ae. E.g.:fabula, fabulae. 2nd declination: the form is us-i. E.g.:populus, populi 3rd declination: here we have: nouns with pair sylabals, nouns with impair sylabals, false pair sylabals, and false impair sylabals. The false of pair sylabals are only seven, all have something to do with the family. The false of impair sylabals are the one that have impair sylabals, but before the ending of the declination there is there are two consonants. The false pair sylabals and the impair sylabals are declinated in the same way. And the false impair sylabals and the pair sylabals are declinated in the same way. This declination has the genitive in is. 4th declination: the form is us-us. E.g.:aditus, aditus 5th declination: the form has i in the genitive. E.g.: dies, diei. If you look a world in a Latin dictionary, the nominative and genitive of the word will be provided. 1st DECLINATION NOMINATIVO SINGULAR fabula PLURAL fabulae VOCATIVO fabula fabulae ACUSATIVO fabulam fabulas fabulae fabularum DATIVO fabula fabulis ABLATIVO fabula fabulis GENITIVO 2nd DECLINATION M/F NOMINATIVO SINGULAR populus PLURAL populi VOCATIVO popule populi NEUTRALS SINGULAR PLURAL augurium auguria augurium auguria populum populos augurium auguria populi populorum augurii auguriorum DATIVO populo populis augurio auguriis ABLATIVO populo populis augurio auguriis ACUSATIVO GENITIVO 3rd DECLINATION IMPAIR SYLABALS M/F SINGULAR PLURAL FALSE PAIR SYLABALS NEUTRALS M/F SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL NOMINATIVO homo homines nomen nomina pater patres VOCATIVO homo homines nomen nomina pater patres homines nomen nomina patrem patres hominis hominum nominis nominum patris patrum DATIVO homini hominibus nomini nominibus patri patribus ABLATIVO homine hominibus nomine nominibus patre patribus ACUSATIVO hominem GENITIVO 3rd DECLINATION PAIR SYLABALS M/F NEUTRALS SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL hostes mare maria NOMINATIVO hostis FALSE IMPAIR SYLABALS M/F SINGULAR PLURAL gens gentes VOCATIVO hostis hostes mare maria gens gentes ACUSATIVO hostem hostes mare maria gentem gentes hostis hostium maris marium gentis gentium DATIVO hosti hostibus mari maribus genti gentibus ABLATIVO hoste hostibus mari maribus gente gentibus GENITIVO 4th DECLINATION NOMINATIVO SINGULAR aditus VOCATIVO aditus M/F PLURAL aditus aditus NEUTRALS SINGULAR PLURAL cornu cornua cornu cornua aditum aditus cornu cornua aditus adituum cornus cornuum DATIVO aditui aditibus cornui cornibus ABLATIVO aditu aditibus cornu cornibus ACUSATIVO GENITIVO 5TH DECLINATION NOMINATIVO SINGULAR dies PLURAL dies VOCATIVO dies dies ACUSATIVO diem dies diei dierum DATIVO diei diebus ABLATIVO die diebus GENITIVO Noun Declension Paradigms Basic endings in the various declensions Singular Case 1 f. 2 m. 2 n. 3 mf 3 n. 4 m. 4 n. 5 f. Nominative -a -us -um -us -u -es Genitive -ae -i -i -is -is -us -us -ei Dative -ae -o -o -i -i -ui -u -ei Accusative -am -um -um -em -um -u -em Ablative -a -o -o -e -u -e Locative -ae -i -i -i, -e -i, -e -i ? ? Vocative -a -e -um -us -u -es Case 1 f. 2 m. 2 n. 3 mf 3 n. 4 m. 4 n. 5 f. Nom/Voc -ae -i -a -es -a -us -ua -es Genitive -arum -orum -orum -um -um -uum -uum -erum -e, -i -u Plural Dat/Abl/Loc -is -is -is -ibus -ibus -ibus, -ubus -ibus -ebus Accusative -os -a -es -as -a -us -ua -es Technical Disclaimers on the Locative Case The listed sources are inconsistent on how the locative is formed, so the above table might not agree with your textbook. There is agreement among my textbooks that in the first and second declension, the locative singular is identical with the genitive form, and that in plurals it is always the same as the dative-ablative form. Where they differ is in the locative forms for the singulars of the third, fourth and fifth declension. (It probably never occurs in the fifth declension!) For third declension singular, some say that it may take either the dative or the ablative form, while others say it takes the dative form. (Most of the examples they give seem to be the same as the dative in form.) For fourth declension singular, one says the dative forms are used, but the only actual example seems to be the fourth declension word domus whose locative is domi. But domus affords other problems since it was moving from fourth to second declension in classical times, and this form is consistent with its second declension paradigm. Principal parts of nouns The principal parts of a noun are its nominative and genitive singular forms, for example: matella, matellae. nf. chamber pot. From the genitive ending -ae, the noun matella is identified as a first declension noun. Dropping the genitive ending gives the base matell- to which endings are added. Some nouns have plural forms only. For these nouns, the principal parts are the nominative and genitive plural forms. For example: castra, castrorum. nn. camp. Again the genitive identifies the declension, in this case second declension, as well as the base castr- to which endings are added. Basic usages of the various cases Nominative: Subject of a sentence, predicate nominatives The boat is anchored to the shore. When the silly clowns visit Rome, the emperor's sense of humor is a surprising sight to behold. Venus, your new hairdo is a pathetic mess. Genitive: Possession or attachment. The genitive case was disappearing from colloquial Latin (the Latin of everyday speech, usually called Vulgar Latin) and was often replaced by the preposition de followed by the ablative case. When the silly clowns visit Rome, the emperor's sense of humor is a surprising sight to behold. Dative: Indirect object. Like the genitive case, the dative case was also disappearing from colloquial Latin. The preposition ad followed by the accusative case was sometimes used as a substitute in colloquial Latin. The silly clowns sometimes give the emperor a hard time. The silly clowns sometimes give a hard time to the emperor. Accusative: Direct object, object of prepositions of motion towards When the silly clowns visit Rome, the emperor's sense of humor is a surprising sight to behold. The silly clowns sometimes give the emperor a hard time. The hen-pecked emperor is travelling to Rome by boat. Ablative: Means (instrument), object of prepositions of position and of motion away The boat is anchored to the shore. The hen-pecked emperor is travelling to Rome by boat. Locative: Location or position. In Latin, this case is a remnant of the old Indo-European Locative case. It is used primarily with place names and a handful of nouns denoting classes of places like domus (home). For most purposes it has been superseded by the use of the prepositions in or ad followed by the ablative case. We bake our own cookies at home. The emperor lives in Rome. If the fountain of Tivoli isn't in Copenhagen, then maybe it was moved to Belgium. Vocative: Personal address Venus, your new hairdo is a pathetic mess. Yo dude! Get a haircut! Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Wed Jun 21 20:39:35 EDT 2006 Latin First Declension Nouns Basic paradigm matella, matellae. nf., chamber pot. Case Singular Plural Rough translation Nominative matella matellae the chamber pot(s) Genitive matellae matellarum of the chamber pot(s) Dative matellae matellis Accusative matellam matellas the chamber pot(s) Ablative matella matellis by means of the chamber pot(s) Locative matellae matellis at/in the chamber pot(s) (obsolete) Vocative matella matellae O Chamber Pot(s)! (rare) to the chamber pot(s) Irregularities The Dative/Ablative/Locative plurals for dea and filia are deabus and filiabus, respectively. First declension nouns of Greek origin have a mix of Greek first declension and Latin first and and fifth declension inflections. (In short, they get hopelessly slaughtered. Some examples appear below.) Some first declension nouns 1. feminine nouns o barba, -ae. nf., beard. o betula, -ae. nf., birch tree. o braccae, -arum. nf. pl., pants, trousers, breetches. o bruma, -ae. nf., winter, winter solstice. o clepsydra, -ae. nf., water clock. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o casa, -ae. nf., cottage, hut. pl. barracks. causa, -ae. nf., cause, reason. dea, -ae. nf., goddess. fama, -ae. nf., report. femina, -ae. nf., woman. fenestra, -ae. nf., window. filia, -ae. nf., daughter. formula, -ae. nf., nice shape, beauty, (math.) formula, equation, identity. fortuna, -ae. nf., fortune, luck. fossa, -ae. nf., ditch. fuga, -ae. nf., flight. gloria, -ae. nf., fame, glory. hora, -ae. nf., hour. ira, -ae. nf., anger, wrath. lingua, -ae. nf., tongue, language. matella, -ae. nf., chamber pot. poena, -ae. nf., punishment. puella, -ae. nf., girl. spelunca, -ae. nf., cave. tuba, -ae. nf., trumpet. 2. feminine abstract nouns ending in -ia o amicitia, -ae. nf., friendship. (from amicus, -a, -um. adj. friendly.) o audacia, -ae. nf., boldness. (from auda, audacis. adj. bold.) o elegantia, -ae. nf., elegance, refinement. (from elegans, -antis. adj. elegant, refined.) o copia, -ae. nf., supply. (from cops, copis. adj. bold.) o gratia, -ae. nf., favor. (from gratus, -a, -um. adj. pleasant, agreeable, thankful.) o iniuria, -ae. nf., wrong, injustice. (from iniurus, -a, -um. adj. wrong, unjust.) o inopia, -ae. nf., lack. (from inops, inopis. adj. poor, destitute.) o prudentia, -ae. nf., discretion. (from prudens, prudentis. adj. aware, experienced, discreet.) o scientia, -ae. nf., knowledge. (from sciens, scientis. participial adj., aware, cognizant.) 3. feminine abstract nouns denoting fields of study o alchimia, -ae. nf., alchemy. (Practitioner: alchemista, -ae. nm., alchemist.) [Medieval? From Greek via Arabic?] o chemia, -ae. nf., chemistry. (Practioner: peritus chemiae, periti chemiae, [or chemista, -ae?]. nm., chemist.) o mathematica, -ae. nf., mathematics. (Practitioner: mathematicus, -i. nm., mathematician.) o medicina, -ae. nf., medicine. (Related to medicus, -i. nm., doctor, physician.) medicinam exercêre. to practice medicine. o physicae, -arum. nf. pl., physics. (Related to physicus, -i. nm., physicist.) 4. Greek scientific and mathematical vocabulary Those in this list are common enough typically to appear with standard Latin inflections. The Greek accusative ending -an will sometimes be used in place of Latin -am. o theoria, -ae. nf., (sci.) theory. 5. masculine nouns o agricola, -ae. nm., farmer. o incola, -ae. nm., inhabitant. o nauta, -ae. nm., sailor. o pirata, -ae. nm., pirate. o poeta, -ae. nm., poet. more first declension masculine nouns 6. Greek first declension nouns As mentioned before, these are a mess. This class includes proper Greek names and Greek loan words. Aeneas Case Anchises Aphrodite Athens m. sing. m. sing. f. sing. f. pl. Nominative Aene-as Anchises Aphrodite Athenae Genitive -ae -ae -es -arum; Dative -ae -ae -ae -is Accusative -an, -am -en, -am -en -as Ablative -a -a, -e -e -is Locative (-ae) (-ae) (-e) -is Proper Nouns o o o o o o Aeneas, -ae. nm. Aeneas. Anchises, -ae. nm. Anchises. Aphrodite, -es. nf. Aphrodite. Athenae, -arum. nf. pl. Athens. Circe, -es. nf. Circe. Penelope, -es. nf. Penelope. Greek Loan Words o o o o cerastes, -ae. nm. horned snake. dioecetes, -ae. nm. revenue official, treasurer. geometres, -ae. nm. geometer, mathematician. xiphias, -ae. nm. swordfish. Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last update: Thursday, February 25, 2010. Latin Second Declension Nouns There are several major classes of nouns in this declension. Each of the following is considered in turn: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Masculine and (a few) feminine nouns ending in -us Masculine and (a few) feminine nouns ending in -ius Strong nouns ending in -er or -ir Weak nouns ending in -er Neuter nouns ending in -um Neuter nouns ending in -ium Masculine and feminine nouns ending in -us Basic paradigm somnus, somni. nm., sleep. Case Singular Plural Nominative somnus somni Genitive somnorum somni Dative somno somnis Accusative somnum somnos Ablative somno somnis Locative somni somnis Vocative somne somni Some examples amicus, -i. nm., friend. animus, -i. nm., mind, spirit. campus, -i. nm., plain, field. caseus, -i. nm., cheese. cervus, -i. nm., deer. cibus, -i. nm., food. deus, -i. nm., god. domus, -us (-i). nf., house, home. (irreg.: Usually fourth declension, but sometimes it is declined as a second declension noun.) equus, -i. nm., horse. fagus, -i. nf., beech tree. fraxinus, -i. nf., ash tree. locus, -i. nm., place. modus, -i. nm., manner, means. mundus, -i. nm., world. oculus, -i. nm., eye. pinus, -i. nf., pine tree. servus, -i. nm., servant. sinus, -i. nm., large drinking cup, stein. (Not to be confused with sinus, -us. nm. indentation, curve.) somnus, -i. nm., sleep. ventus, -i. nm., wind. Occupational nouns ending in -icus mathematicus, -i. nm., mathematician. medicinus, -i. nm., doctor, physician. physicus, -i. nm., physicist. Masculine and feminine nouns ending in -ius Basic paradigm gladius, gladi. nm., sword. Case Singular Plural Nominative gladius gladii Genitive gladi gladiorum Dative gladio gladiis Accusative gladium gladios Ablative gladio gladiis Locative gladi gladiis Vocative gladi gladii In the genitive and locative singular, the ending -ii is contracted to -i. In the vocative singular, the ending -ie is also contracted to -i. Some examples filius, fili. nm., son. gladius, gladi. nm., sword. socius, soci. nm., ally. Strong nouns ending in -er or -ir Basic paradigm vesper, vesperi. nm., evening. Case Singular Plural Nominative vesper vesperi Genitive vesperi vesperorum Dative vespero vesperis Accusative vesperum vesperos Ablative vespero vesperis Locative vesperi vesperis Vocative vesper vesperi The vocative singular takes the form of the nominative. For all but nominative and vocative singular, endings are added to the base or nominative singular form. Some examples adulter, -i. nm., adulterer. miser, -i. nm., wretch, (figurative slang) poor boy. puer, -i. nm., boy. socer, -i. nm., father-in-law. vesper, -i. nm., evening. (Also sometimes third declension: vesper, vesperis.) vir, -i. nm., man. Weak nouns ending in -er Basic paradigm cancer, cancri. nm., crab. Case Singular Plural Nominative cancer cancri Genitive cancri cancrorum Dative cancro cancris Accusative cancrum cancros Ablative cancro cancris Locative cancri cancris Vocative cancer cancri The vocative singular takes the form of the nominative. For all but nominative and vocative singular, endings are added to the base. Some examples ag-er, -ri. nm., field. canc-er, -ri. nm., crab. lib-er, -ri. nm., book. magist-er, -ri. nm., teacher. Neuter nouns ending in -um Basic paradigm pabulum, pabuli. nn., fodder. Case Singular Plural Nominative pabulum pabula Genitive pabuli pabulorum Dative pabulo pabulis Accusative pabulum pabula Ablative pabulo pabulis Locative pabuli pabulis Vocative pabulum pabula Some examples adiectivum, -i. nn., adjective. arithmetica, -orum. nn. pl., arithmetic. bellum, -i. nn., war. castrum, -i. nn., fort. pl., camp. chemicum, -i. nm., chemical. crustulum, -i. nn., cookie. hiberna, -orum. n. pl., winter quarters. oppidum, -i. nn., (fortified) town, city. pabulum, -i. nn., fodder. quadratum, -i. nn., square. simulacrum, -i. nn., image. triangulum, -i. nn., triangle. venenum, -i. nn., poison. verbum, -i. nn., verb. Neuter abstract nouns ending in -mentum impedimentum, -i. nn., hindrance. medicamentum, -i. nn., drug, medicine. Modo medicamentis negate. Just say no to drugs. Modo medicamentis assentite. Just say yes to drugs. tormentum, -i. nn., anguish, torment. Neuter nouns ending in -ium Basic paradigm adverbium, adverbi. nn., adverb. Case Singular Plural Nominative adverbium adverbia Genitive adverbi adverbiorum Dative adverbio adverbiis Accusative adverbium adverbia Ablative adverbio adverbiis Locative adverbi adverbiis Vocative adverbium adverbia In the genitive and locative singular, the ending -ii is contracted to -i. Some examples adverbium, adverbi. nn., adverb. convivium, convivi. nn., banquet. labia, labiorum. nn. pl., lips. Neuter abstract nouns ending in -ium augerium, augeri. nn., augery, interpretation of omens. concilium, concili. nn., assembly. hospitium, hospiti. nn., hospitality. magisterium, magisteri. nn., governance, presidency, political control. sacrificium, sacrifici. nn., sacrifice. servitium, serviti. nn., slavery. Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Monday, March 15, 2010. Latin Third Declension Nouns These are divided into several classes: 1. Consonantal stems 1. masculine and feminine 2. neuter 2. i-stems 1. masculine and feminine 2. neuter Consonantal stems Basic paradigm rex, regis. nm., king. opus, operis. nn., work. rex Case Singular opus Plural Singular Plural Nominative rex reges opus opera Genitive regis regum operis operum Dative regi regibus operi operibus Accusative regem reges opus opera Ablative rege regibus opere operibus Locative regi, rege regibus operi, opere operibus Vocative rex opus reges opera Some examples 1. Masculine and feminine o anser, anseris. nm., goose. o canis (or rarely: canes), canis. nm., 1. dog, hound, mutt. 2. subordinate. 3. Sirius, Alpha Canis Majoris, the Dog Star (i.e. the brightest star in the night sky, known also as "the Dog Star" because it is the brightest star in the constellation Canis Major [= the Big Dog]). o cervix, cervicis. nf., neck. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o custos, custodis. nm., guard. feles (or rarely: felis), felis. nf., cat, mouser, marten, ferret, polecat, tomcat. (Note: English cat, French chat and Italian gatto come from an unrelated second declension noun: catus, -i. nm., 1. wildcat, male cat. 2. catfish. 3. a kind of siege engine.) frater, fratris. nm., brother. leo, leonis. nm., lion. mater, matris. nf., mother. miles, militis. nm., soldier. mulier, mulieris. nf., woman. nemo, neminis. nm. or nf. or pronoun, nobody, no one, inconsequential person. iuglans, iuglandis. nf., walnut. fons, fontis. nm., spring, fountain, origin, source. mons, montis. nm., mountain. nox, noctis. nf., night. loc. noctu, by night. ops, opis. nf., power, help. pars, partis. nf., part, share. pater, patris. nm., father. plebs (or pleps), plebis. nf., commoners, plebeians, common people, masses, (in George Orwell's 1984) plebs. (Also there is a preAugustan fifth declension form plebes, plebei.) radix, radicis. nf., root, foot of a mountain, foundation, origin. (math.) root. rex, regis. nm., king. soror, sororis. nf., sister. uxor, uxoris. nf., wife. vigil, vigilis. nm., fireman. Feminine abstract nouns ending in -io(n) These are formed from perfect passive participles: <participle stem> + -io For example: verb incanto (1). vt. (to) enchant, cast a spell (on). (from canto (1). vt. (to) sing, recite.) passive participle incantatus participle stem incantat- + -io + ending abstract noun incantatio. nf. incantation, spell, enchantment. This was commonly used for word creation in scientific Latin, and I believe it is still in common use in contemporary ecclesiastical Latin. Some English neologisms also make use of this form of creation, not always consistently, e.g., verbification (modelled after clarification [from medieval Latin clarifico (1) from Latin clarus + facio, facere, feci, factus] and glorification [from medieval Latin glorifico (1) from Latin gloria + facio, facere, feci, factus]). Verbification can refer to new word creation in a language, or t can refer to a process of constructing verbs from nouns (for example, "to book a suspect".) o o o o o o o o o aequatio, -ionis. nf., (math.) equation, identity. (from aequo (1). vt. make equal, match.) declaratio, -ionis. nf., statement. (from declaro (1). vt., clarify.) evolutio, -ionis. nf., unrolling a scroll, reading, (sci.) development, (math.) expansion (e.g. into series or products). (from evolvo, vêre -vi, -utus. vt., unroll, unfold, spread, expand.) fluctuatio, -ionis. nf., wavering, fluctuation. (from fluctuo (1). vt. waver, fluctuate.) fractio, -ionis. nf., (math.) fraction. (from frango, -ere, fregi, fractus. vt. smash, shatter, break.) functio, -ionis. nf., performance, (math) function. (from fungor, fungi, functus sum. vi. perform.) occasio, -ionis. nf., occasion, opportunity. incantatio, -ionis. nf., spell, enchantment. (from incantatus, pp. of incanto (1). vt., enchant, cast a spell on.) oratio, orationis. nf., speech, language, expression. (from oratus, pp. of oro (1). vt., beg for, plead.) Masculine nouns of agency ending in -or, -oris These are formed from perfect passive participles: <participle stem> + -or o o o o doctor, -oris, nm., teacher. (from doceo (2ui), vt. teach.) gladiator, -oris, nm., gladiator. (from gladius, nm. sword.) imperator, -oris, nm., general, commander, emperor. (from impero (1), vt. order, command.) monitor, -oris, nm., advisor. (from moneo (2), vt. warn, advise.) o vector, -oris, nm., rider, passenger. (from veho, vehere, vexi, vectus (3), vt. carry, transport. The modern mathematical term vector is from the Latin word. There is also a related Latin verb vecto (1), also transitive, and very similar in meaning -- its past participle vectatus clearly does not give the stem for vector.) Feminine abstract nouns ending in -tas, -tatis These are formed from adjectives: <root> + -(i)tas o o o o o aequalitas, -tatis. nf., equality. (from aequal, adj., equal. from aequus, adj., level, even.) fraternitas, -tatis. nf., brotherhood. (from fraternus, adj., brotherly. from frater. nm., brother.) libertas, -tatis. nf., freedom. (from liber. adj., freedom.) maiestas, -tatis. nf., majesty. maioritas, -tatis. nf., majority. (from maior. adj., larger, more important.) Feminine abstract nouns ending in -tudo(n) These are formed from adjectives: <root> + -(i)tudo o o magnitudo, magnitudinis. nf., size, importance, extent. (from magnus. adj., large, important.) multitudo, multitudinis. nf., great number, crowd, mob, rabble. (from multus. adj., much, many, large, tedious.) 1. Neuter o o o o o o caput, capitis. nn., head. cor, cordis. nn., heart. genus, generis. nn., gender. iter, itineris. nn., road. lemma, lemmatis. nn. (Greek), theme, matter or subject for consideration. Math: a subsidiary theorem used primarily to prove a main result, lemma. opus, operis. nn., work. o theorema, theorematis. nn. (Greek), proposition to be proved, theorem. Neuter nouns ending in -men, -minis (These don't appear to have any common means of formation, but appearances are often deceiving. If you know details of how these are formed, please share your knowledge with me.) o o o o o crimen, -minis. nn., accusation, charge, guilt, crime. (source [not cause!] of English crime, criminal.) flumen, -minis. nn., flow, river, stream. (probably related to fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluctus. flow, emanate, proceed from.) limen, -minis. nn., threshold, doorway, border. (source of English subliminal, eliminate.) nomen, -minis. nn., name, noun. pronomen, -minis. nn., pronoun. stamen, -minis. nn., thread. i-stem These differ from other third declension nouns in that they take the ending -ium in the genitive plural. They may sometimes also take the endings -im, -i, -îs instead of the endings -em, -e, -es in the accusative singular, ablative singular, and the accusative plural, respectively. Basic paradigm hostis, hostis. nm., enemy. animal, animalis. nn., animal. hostis Case Singular animal Plural Singular Plural Nominative hostis hostes, hostis animal animalia Genitive hostium animalis animalium hostis Dative hosti Accusative hostibus animali animalibus hostem, hostim hostes, hostis animal animalia Ablative hoste, hosti hostibus animale, animali animalibus Locative hosti, hoste hostibus animali, animale animalibus Vocative hostis hostes, hostis animal animalia Some examples animal, animalis. nn., animal. hostis, hostis. nm., enemy. mare, maris. nn., sea. Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Friday September 17, 2010 Haec pagina cum editoribus Mozilla Seamonkey et Vim factus est. (This page was made using the Mozilla Seamonkey and Vim editors.) Latin Fourth Declension Nouns There are two major classes of nouns in this declension, the masculine/feminine and the neuter classes. This declension was declining in use, with a number of masculine and feminine nouns moving to the second declension. 1. Masculine and feminine fourth declension nouns Basic paradigm manus, manus. nf., hand. Case Singular Plural Nominative manus manus Genitive manus manuum Dative manui, manu manibus, (manubus) Accusative manum manus Ablative manu manibus, (manubus) Locative mani manibus, (manubus) Vocative manus manus The -ubus endings in the dative, ablative and locative plurals are used for acus, arcus, quercus, tribus, and usually for lacus and portus. The -ibus ending is used for most other fourth declension nouns. Some examples o o o acus, -us. nf., needle. aestus, -us. nm., heat. anus, -us. nf., crone, hag, old woman. (Not to be unintentionally confused with anus, -i which means something entirely different.) o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o arcus, -us. nm., bow. artus, -us. nm., joint, limb. cantus, -us. nm., song. condus, -us. nm., shopkeeper. cultus, -us. nm., civilization. domus, -us (-i). nf., house, home. (Usually declension 4, but sometimes declension 2.) exercitus, -us. nm., army. fructus, -us. nm., enjoyment, profit, fruit produce. gradus, -us. nm., step, pace. Idus, -uum. nf. pl., Ides. (as in ``Beware the Ides of March!'') lacus, -us. nm., lake. magistratus, -us. nm., magistrate. manus, -us. nf., hand. metus, -us. nf., fear, dread. porticus, -us. nf., colonnade. portus, -us. nm., harbor. quercus, -us. nf., oak. senatus, -us. nm., senate. sexus, -us. nm., sex, gender. sinus, -us. nm., indentation, fold, curve, (math.) sine. (This noun should not be confused with sinus, -i which refers to a large drinking cup.) cosinus, -us. nm., (math.) cosine. tonsus, -us. nm., haircut. tribus, -us. nf., tribe. Borrowed words of dubious origin and usage When Latin borrows nouns, say from Greek, or perhaps through a time warp from English, these nouns may have somewhat creative declensions. Humez and Humez give the following: o bozo, bozus. nm., clown. By the way, both Webster's New World Dictionary and the American Heritage Dictionary indicate that the English slang word ``bozo'' is of obscure origin. (In short, Humez and Humez were probably being very creative!) Masculine abstract nouns (Supines) These are are all verbal nouns called supines. Generally in Latin, the supine is restricted to accusative and ablative fourth declension forms. A few supines exist in other cases as well. In the nominative, these take the form of the perfect passive participle, but they are present active in meaning. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o adventus, -us. nm., approach, arrival. (from advenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. arrive.) casus, -us. nm., chance, case, falling. (from cado, -ere, cecidi, casurus. fall.) census, -us. nm., census. (from censeo, -êre, -ui, -us. expect, tax, register.) coitus, -us. nm., sexual intercourse. (from coeo, -ire, -ii, -iturus. (irreg.) meet, mate.) cruciatus, -us. nm., torture. (from crucio (1). torture.) flatus, -us. nm., wind. (from flo (1). blow.) fletus, -us. nm., weeping. (from fleo, flêre, flexi, fletus. weep.) fremitus, -us. nm., (loud) grumbling, muttering. (from fremo, -ere, -ui, -itus.. complain loudly about.) motus, -us. nm., motion. (from moveo, -êre, movi, motus.. move.) prospectus, -us. nm., view, prospect. (from prospicio, -spicere, spexi, -spectus. contemplate.) reditus, -us. nm., return. (from redeo, redire, redi(v)i, rediturus. return.) sensus, -us. nm., sensation, feeling. (from sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus. sense, perceive.) sonitus, -us. nm., sound, noise, din. (from sono, sonare, sonui, sonitus. sound.) spiritus, -us. nm., breath, soul, enthusiasm. (from an older form of spiro (1). breathe.) 2. Neuter fourth declension nouns Basic paradigm cornu, cornus. nn., horn. Case Singular Plural Nominative cornu cornua Genitive cornus cornuum Dative cornu cornibus Accusative cornu cornua Ablative cornu cornibus Locative ? cornibus Vocative cornu cornua Some examples o o cornu, -us. nn., horn. genu, -us. nn., knee. Mail comments to ( [email protected]). Last updated: Monday, February 22, 2010. Latin Fifth Declension Nouns Basic paradigms res, rei. nf., thing. dies, diei (die). m. or f., day. Case Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative res res dies Genitive rei rerum diei, die dierum Dative rei rebus diei, die diebus Accusative rem res Ablative re rebus die diebus Locative ? rebus ? diebus Vocative res res dies diem dies dies dies Some fifth declension nouns dies, diei (die). m. or f., day. o meridies, -diei (-die). nm., midday. effigies, effigiei. nf., effigy, likeness, statue. fides, fidei. nf., faith. res, rei. nf., thing. plebes, plebei. nf., commoners. (Later in third declension plebs, plebis. [q.v.]) spes, spei. nf., hope. species, speciei (specie). nf., appearance. Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Mon May 12 11:37:52 EDT 2008 Latin Fifth Declension Nouns Basic paradigms res, rei. nf., thing. dies, diei (die). m. or f., day. Case Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative res res dies Genitive rei rerum diei, die dierum Dative rei rebus diei, die diebus Accusative rem res Ablative re rebus die diebus Locative ? rebus ? diebus Vocative res res dies diem dies Some fifth declension nouns dies, diei (die). m. or f., day. dies dies o meridies, -diei (-die). nm., midday. effigies, effigiei. nf., effigy, likeness, statue. fides, fidei. nf., faith. res, rei. nf., thing. plebes, plebei. nf., commoners. (Later in third declension plebs, plebis. [q.v.]) spes, spei. nf., hope. species, speciei (specie). nf., appearance. Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Mon May 12 11:37:52 EDT 2008 Latin Reflexive Pronouns Basic paradigm Person Number Case 1 2 Singular myself yourself (þyself) himself, herself, itself Genitive mei tui sui Dative mihi tibi sibi te se, sese Accusative me 3 Ablative Plural me te se, sese ourselves yourselves themselves Genitive nostri vestri sui Dative nobis vobis sibi Accusative nos vos se, sese Ablative vobis se, sese nobis When used with cum The preposition cum is attached as an enclitic to the reflexive pronouns (mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum). Direct usage When used in the main clause, the reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the main clause. Indirect usage When used in a subordinate clause, the reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the main clause. When followed by the appropriate form of ipse, the reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the subordinate clause in question. (This differs from normal English usage!) Claudia baked some cookies for Julia whenever Eleanor ordered some from her (se = Claudia). Claudia baked some cookies for Julia whenever Eleanor ordered some from herself (se ipsa = Eleanor). Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]) Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Monday, 15 September, 1997. with a Minor correction: Fri May 19 20:26:25 EDT 2006 Latin Demonstrative Pronouns The demonstratives hic, ille and iste These are used both as pronouns which act as slightly emphatic versions of the English third person personal pronouns and as adjectives corresponding roughly to English this and that. Frequently in later Latin, and occasionally in Classical Latin, they also function as a definite article. 1. hic, haec, hoc. dem. adj. this. pnn. he (emph.), this. Singular Masc. Plural Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. hic haec hi haec Gen. huius huius huius horum harum horum Dat. huic huic huic his his his Acc. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec Abl. hoc hac his his his hoc hoc hae The demonstrative pronoun hic, haec, hoc is declined like a first and second declension adjective with the following peculiarities: o In all singular forms and in the neuter plural nominative-accusative form, an epideictic particle -c is added to the case ending. When this particle follows an m, the m changes to an n. (In particular, humc, hamc become hunc, hanc.) o o The nominative, genitive, and dative singular forms take irregular endings. The nominative-accusative form of the neuter plural takes the ending -ae(c) instead of the usual -a. 2. ille, illa, illud. dem. adj. that. pnn., he (emph.), that. Singular Masc. Plural Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. ille illa illi illae illa Gen. illius illius illius illorum illarum illorum Dat. illi illi illis illis illis Acc. illum illam illud illos illas illa Abl. illo illa illis illis illis illud illi illo These are the antecedents of the French definite articles le, la. The demonstrative pronoun ille, illa, illud is declined like a first and second declension adjective except for irregularities in the nominative, genitive and dative singular. 3. iste, ista, istud. dem. adj. that [indicating contempt or anger.] pnn. he(emph.). Singular Masc. Plural Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. iste ista isti istae ista Gen. istius istius istius istorum istarum istorum Dat. isti isti istis istis istis Acc. istum istam istud istos istas ista Abl. isto ista istis istis istis istud isti isto The demonstrative pronoun iste, ista, istud is declined like ille, illa, illud. The demonstrative idem idem, eadem, idem. dem. adj./pnn. the same. Singular Masc. Nom. idem Plural Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. eadem idem eidem eaedem eadem Gen. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem Dat. eidem eisdem eidem eidem eisdem eisdem Acc. eundem eandem idem eosdem easdem eadem Abl. eodem eadem eisdem eisdem eisdem eodem The suffix -dem is indeclinable. These are declined like is, ea, id, the third personal pronouns. Some of the endings shift before the suffix, in particular -md- becomes -nd-. The emphatic pronoun ipse ipse, -a, -um. emph., oneself. The emphatic pronoun ipse is declined like ille. It's meaning is not reflexive, but emphatic. The following examples highlight the difference: reflexive: Mary bought groceries for herself. emphatic: Mary herself bought groceries. The heteroclite endings The ending -ius in the genitive singular and the ending -i in the dative singular are called heteroclite endings. They also appear as endings for a handful of first and second declension adjectives which are sometimes also used as pronouns. These adjectives include: alius, -a, -ud. adj., other. (gen. sing.=alterius). alter, -era, -erum. adj., the other. nullus, -a, -um. adj., no, none. solus, -a, -um. adj., alone, sole. totus, -a, -um. adj., whole, entire. ullus, -a, -um. adj., any. unus, -a, -um. adj., one. Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]) Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Monday, 15 September, 1997. Latin Verb Conjugation Paradigms In the first part of these notes, rough translations are given for various forms of the first conjugation transitive verb amare (to love). The reader is assumed to know the grammatical notions of person and number, so in most cases, we only work with first person singular. Subtleties of usage will be ignored, at least for the time being. Caveat emptor! In the second part of these notes, general rules are given for verb conjugation. These are rough in that there are some changes of vowels and vowel lengths that are completely ignored in this section. Principal parts for amare, to love, to like amo, amare, amavi, amatus. I love, to love, I (have) loved, loved. Some verbs are impersonal, i.e., they only exist in the third person singular. (Example: miseret, miserere, miseruit, miseritum. It is a pity, to be a pity, it was a pity, having been a pity.) Some verbs are intransitive, i.e., they do not take direct objects. The fourth principal part of these verbs is either the neuter form of the perfect passive participle for verbs intransitive verbs which take an indirect object in the dative case, or the future active participle for other intransitive verbs. (Examples: asto, astare, asteti, astatum I assist, to assist, I assisted, assisted. sum, esse, fui, futurus. I am, to be, I was, about to be.) Intransitive verbs which take indirect objects may have impersonal passive voice forms which are occasionally tricky to translate. Some verbs are deponent which means that they are passive in form but active in meaning. (Example: misereor, misereri, miseritus sum. I pity, to pity, I pitied.) Infinitives The Modern English tense system does not quite correspond with the Latin tense system, particularly in certain uses of the perfect tenses. But the following translations usually make a good first attempt. Present Active: amare to love, to be loving Perfect Active: amavisse to have loved Future Active: amaturus esse to be about to love, to be going to be loving Present Passive: amari to be loved Perfect Passive: amatus esse to have been loved Future Passive: amatum iri to be about to be loved, to be going to be loved, to be loved Participles Present Active: amans loving Future Active: amaturus about to love Perfect Passive: amatus loved, having been loved Future Passive: amandus to be loved Indicative Mood Present Active: amo I love, I do love, I am loving Imperfect Active: amabam I loved, I did love, I was loving, I used to love Future Active: amabo I shall love, I am going to love, I am about to love Perfect Active: amavi I loved, I have loved Pluperfect Active: amaveram I had loved Future Perfect Active: amavero I shall have loved The key distinction between the imperfect and the perfect in Latin is not the same as that between the past tense and present perfect in English. (English usage here is idiomatic among the Indo-European languages.) In Latin as in many Indo-European languages, the perfect tense conveys a completed action (e.g. “I sang Tom Dooley yesterday.”) The imperfect tense conveys continuation or repetition or habitual action (e.g. “We practiced Tom Dooley for three weeks”.) Note: perfect < perfectus (adj) complete, finished. past participle of perficio, -ficere - to complete. Present Passive: amor I am loved, I am being loved Imperfect Passive: amabar I was loved, I was being loved, I used to be loved Future Passive: amabor I shall be loved, I am going to be loved, I am about to be loved Perfect Passive: amatus sum I was loved, I have been loved Pluperfect Passive: amatus eram I had been loved Future Perfect Passive: amatus ero I shall have been loved Subjunctive Mood In a number of circumstances, the Latin subjunctive corresponds to special usages of the Modern English indicative. However, for other uses, the following suggestions may better fit the meaning. Present Active: amem I may love, let me love, I should love, I would love Imperfect Active: amarem I might love, I would love Perfect Active: amaverim I may have loved, I should have loved, I would have loved Pluperfect Tense amavissem I might have loved, I would have loved Present Passive: amer I may be loved, let me be loved, I should be loved, I would be loved Imperfect Passive: amarer I might be loved, I would be loved Perfect passive subjunctive: amatus sim I may have been loved, I should have been loved, I would have been loved Pluperfect passive subjunctive: amatus essem I might have been loved, I would have been loved Imperative Mood Active Voice Present Active: ama, amate (second person) Love! Future Active: amato, amatote (second person) amato, amanto (third person) Present Passive: amare, amamini (second person) Be loved! Future Passive: amator (second person singular) amator, amantor (third person) Gerund and Supine Gerund: amandum loving (used as a noun) Supine amatum to love Approximate conjugation patterns for regular verbs This section is intend mainly as a guide to the similarities among the different conjugations. Where things tend to get more complicated is in vowel lengthenings (ignored completely in written Latin anyway) and changes before certain endings, especially the first person singular and the third person plural. Stems The base, the present stem, perfect stem, and the participial stem may be determined from the principal parts, as given by the following examples. Conjugation I celo, celare, celavi, celatus hide Conjugation II habeo, habere, habui, habitus have Conjugation III rego, regere, rexi, rectus rule Conjugation III-io capio, capere, cepi, captus take Conjugation III-Ø fero, ferre, tuli, latus carry, bear Conjugation IV audio, audire, audivi, auditus hear ferre is usually classed as an irregular verb. While it is unusual in form, it seems perfectly regular to me. (It was so regular, in fact, that I was able to produce the conjugation paradigm page for ferre from the conjugation paradigm page for capere using very simple global replace strings.) The base and the stems are formed from these examples are as follows: I II III III-io III-Ø IV base cel- hab- reg- cap- fer- aud- infinitive - ending present stem cela- habe- rege- cape- fer- audi- infinitive - -re perfect stem celav- habu- rex- cep- tul- participial stem celat- habit- rect- capt- lat- audiv- perfect - -i audit- participle - -us Endings Present Active Sing. Plur. Imperfect Perfect Sing. Plur. Passive Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. 1 -o -mus 1 -m -mus 1 -i -imus 1 -r -mur 2 -s -tis 2 -s -tis 2 -isti -istis 2 -ris -mini 3 -t -nt 3 -t -nt 3 -it -erunt 3 -tur -ntur When attaching endings to the stem, the stem vowel will sometimes undergo a strengthening or a weakening. This results in some irregularities — especially in the third conjugation. Indicative Active voice: o Present: Present stem + present endings o Imperfect: Present stem + -ba- + imperfect endings o Future: I,II: Present stem + -bi- + present endings III,IV: Present stem + -e- + past endings o Perfect: Perfect stem + perfect endings o Pluperfect: Perfect stem + -era- + past endings o Future perfect: Perfect stem + -eri- + present endings Passive voice: o Present: Present stem + passive endings o Imperfect: Present stem + -ba- + passive endings o Future: I,II: Present stem + -bi- + passive endings III,IV: Present stem + -e- + passive endings o Perfect: Perfect passive participle + sum o Pluperfect: Perfect passive participle + eram o Future perfect: Perfect passive participle + ero Subjunctive The subjunctive stem is obtained from the base as follows: I II III III-io III-Ø IV Base + e Base + ea Base + a Base + ia Base + a Base + ia Active voice: o Present: Subjunctive stem + past endings o Imperfect: Present infinitive + past endings o Perfect: Perfect stem + -eri- + past endings o Pluperfect: Perfect stem + -isse- + past endings Passive voice: o Present: Subjunctive stem + passive endings o Imperfect: Present infinitive + passive endings o Perfect: Perfect passive participle + sim o Pluperfect: Perfect passive participle + essem Because we don't mark vowels, the future indicative and the present subjunctive for the third conjugation look pretty much the same. They differ in the length of vowels, but you don't see that distinction in written texts. According to Latino pro populo the similarity is not accidental. The future perfect indicative and the past subjunctive also often look the same when vowels are not marked. Imperative Present Active: Present stem + {Ø, -te} Present Passive: Present stem + {-re, -mini} Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Thu Sep 13 17:00:09 EDT 2007 Latin First Conjugation Paradigm Principal parts for celare, to hide, to conceal celo, celare, celavi, celatus. Infinitives Active Voice Present Perfect Future celare celaturus esse Passive Voice celari celavisse celatus esse celatum iri Participles Present Perfect Future Active Voice celans Passive Voice ----- ----- celaturus celatus celandus Indicative Mood Active Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 1 celo celamus 1 celabam celabamus 1 celabo celabimus 2 celas celatis 2 celabas celabatis 2 celabis celabitis 3 celat celant 3 celabat celabant 3 celabit celabunt Perfect Tense Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 celavi Singular celavimus Future Perfect Tense Plural Singular Plural 1 celaveram celaveramus 1 celavero celaverimus 2 celavisti celavistis 2 celaveras celaveratis 2 celaveris celaveritis 3 celavit 3 celaverat celaverant 3 celaverit celaverint celaverunt Passive Voice Present Tense Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 1 celor celamur 1 celabar celabamur 1 celabor celabimur 2 celaris celamini 2 celabaris celabamini 2 celaberis celabimini 3 celatur celantur 3 celabatur celabantur 3 celabitur celabuntur The perfect passives of celare are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse. Perfect passive: celatus sum Pluperfect passive: celatus eram Future perfect passive: celatus ero The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e. Subjunctive Mood Active Voice Present Tense Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 celem celemus 1 celarem celaremus 2 celes celetis 2 celares celaretis 3 celet celent 3 celaret Perfect Tense celarent Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 celaverim celaverimus 1 celavissem celavissemus 2 celaveris celaveritis 2 celavisses celavissetis 3 celaverit celaverint 3 celavisset celavissent Passive Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 celer celemur 1 celarer celaremur 2 celeris celemini 2 celareris celaremini 3 celetur celentur 3 celaretur celarentur The perfect passive subjunctives of celare are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse. Perfect passive subjunctive: celatus sim Pluperfect passive subjunctive: celatus essem The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e. Imperative Mood Active Voice Present Tense Future Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 2 cela celate 2 celato celatote 3 ----- ----- 3 celato celanto Passive Voice Present Tense Future Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 2 celare celamini 2 celator ----- 3 ----- ----- 3 celator celantor Gerund and Supine Genitive Dative Gerund celandi Supine ----- Accusative Ablative celando celandum celando ----- celatu celatum Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Wed Aug 27 19:29:06 EDT 1997 Examples of First Conjugation Verbs The four principal parts of almost all first conjugation verbs can be obtained from the stem of first person present indicative form by adding the endings -o, -a, -avi, and -atus. Rather than write out all four principal parts, I mark the regular verbs as (1). For example, the entry: ambulo (1). vt. traverse, travel. vi. walk. is short for the entry: ambul-o, -are, -avi, -atus. (transitive verb) traverse, travel. (intransitive verb) walk. addigito (1). vt. (late Latin) to point [something] out aequo (1). vt. make level, match, (math) make equal. ambulo (1). vt. traverse, travel. vi. walk. o ambulo (1). vi. walk beside. o debulo (1). vi. take a walk. amo (1). vt. love, like. o adamo (1). vt. fall in love with. celo (1). vt. hide, conceal. o concelo (1). vt. hide, conceal. clamo (1). vt. shout. o acclamo (1). vt. hail, acclaim. vi. shout. o conclamo (1). vt. shout, yell. o declamo (1). vt. recite. vi. declaim. o exclamo (1). vt. shout, yell, exclaim. o proclamo (1). vt. proclaim, yell out. o reclamo (1). vt. protest. vi. shout objections. claro (1). vt. clarify, explain. o acclaro (1). vt. clarify. o declaro (1). vt. make clear, make evident, disclose, declare. crucio (1). vt. torture. cogito (1). vt. think, ponder, consider. o excogito (1). vt. think up, contrive. corono (1). vt. crown. damno (1). vt. condemn, sentence. dono (1). vt. give, present, reward. dubito (1). vt. doubt. vi. hesitate. o addubito (1). vt. call into doubt. vi. begin to doubt. flo (1). vt. blow. habito(1). vt. live, dwell. hortor, hortari, hortatus sum. vi. encourage, cheer, incite, urge, exhort. iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus. vt. help, assist, aid. laboro (1). vt. work at, produce. vi. work. o elaboro (1). vt. exert oneself at, work out, elaborate on. loco (1). vt. place, put. o colloco (1). vt. place, station (troops). monstro (1). vt. show, point out, demonstrate. o demonstro (1). vt. show, demonstrate. muto (1). vt. change, exchange. o commuto (1). vt. change, exchange. o permuto (1). vt. completely change, transform. neco (1). vt. kill. nego (1). vt. deny. vi. refuse, say no to (+ dat.) nuntio (1). vt. announce. opto (1). vt. choose, desire, wish for. o coöpto (1). vt. coöpt. o adopto, (1). vt. adopt, select. oro (1). vt. beg for. vi. beg. o adoro (1). vt. adore, revere. o exoro (1). vt. persuade. paro (1). vt. prepare, provide, get, procure. o praeparo (1). vt. get ready, prepare. porto (1). vt. carry. o asporto (1). vt. carry off, remove. o comporto (1). vt. accumulate, collect. o deporto (1). vt. banish, carry down. o reporto (1). vt. bring back, report. o transporto (1). vt. transport. pugno (1). vt. fight. o expugno (1). vt. storm. o oppugno (1). vt. attack. o repugno (1). vt. fight back, resist. sono, -are, -ui, -itus. vt. sound. specto (1). vt. look at. o Related to the third conjugation verb specio o aspecto (1). vt. face, look forward (to). o conspicor, conspicari, conspicatus sum. vt. catch sight of. o ex(s)pecto (1). vt. look out for, await. o respecto (1). vt. look back (on), respect. o suspicor, suspicari, suspicatus sum. vt. suspect. spiro (1). vt. breathe. sto, stare, steti, staturus. vi. stand. o absto, abstare, abstiti, abstaturus. vi. stand afar, stand aloof. o asto, astare, astiti, astatum. vi. stand up, stand erect. vi. assist (+ dat.). o circumsto, -stare, -steti, -status. vt. stand around, encircle, surround. o insto, -stare, -stiti, -status. vt. pursue. vi. stand on, insist. o obsto, -stare, -stiti, -statum. vt. hinder (+ dat.). o Changing to third conjugation: sisto, -stere, -stiti, -status. vt. hinder. vasto (1). vt. lay waste to, destroy. voco (1). vt. call, invite. o convoco (1). vt. summon, call together. Irregular verb dare The a in the infinitive is short, rather than long. Most of the conjugation is regular except for the length of the a in the present stem before some of the endings. In addition, some forms have alternate irregular forms (e.g.: Third person plural present indicative dant or danunt.) Like stare, some compounds of dare drift into third declension (e.g.: trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus. vt. handover, betray.) do, dare, dedi, datus. irr. vt. give, grant, allow. o circumdo, circumdare, circumdedi, circumdatus. irr. vt. surround. Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Wednesday, May 14, 2008. Latin Second Conjugation Paradigm Principal parts for habere, to have, to hold, to possess habeo, habere, habui, habitus. Infinitives Active Voice Present Perfect Future habere habiturus esse Passive Voice haberi habuisse habitus esse habitum iri Participles Present Perfect Future Active Voice habens Passive Voice ----- ----- habiturus habitus habendus Indicative Mood Active Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 1 habeo habemus 1 habebam habebamus 1 habebo habebimus 2 habes habetis 2 habebas habebatis 2 habebis habebitis 3 habet habent 3 habebat habebant 3 habebit habebunt Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Perfect Tense Singular Plural 1 habui habuimus Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 habueram habueramus 1 habuero habuerimus 2 habuisti habuistis 2 habueras habueratis 2 habueris habueritis 3 habuit 3 habuerat habuerant 3 habuerit habuerint habuerunt Passive Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 1 habeor habemur 1 habebar habebamur 1 habebor habebimur 2 haberis habemini 2 habebaris habebamini 2 habeberis habebimini 3 habetur habentur 3 habebatur habebantur 3 habebitur habebuntur The perfect passives of habere are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse. Perfect passive: habitus sum Pluperfect passive: habitus eram Future perfect passive: habitus ero The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e. Subjunctive Mood Active Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 habeam habeamus 1 haberem haberemus 2 habeas habeatis 2 haberes haberetis 3 habeat 3 haberet haberent habeant Perfect Tense Singular Plural Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 habuerim habuerimus 1 habuissem habuissemus 2 habueris habueritis 2 habuisses habuissetis 3 habuerit habuerint 3 habuisset habuissent Passive Voice Present Tense Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 habear Singular Plural habeamur 1 haberer haberemur 2 habearis habeamini 2 habereris haberemini 3 habeatur habeantur 3 haberetur haberentur The perfect passive subjunctives of habere are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse. Perfect passive subjunctive: habitus sim Pluperfect passive subjunctive: habitus essem The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e. Imperative Mood Active Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 2 habe habete 2 habeto habetote 3 ----- ----- 3 habeto habento Passive Voice Present Tense Future Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 2 habere habemini 2 habetor ----- 3 ----- 3 habetor habentor ----- Gerund and Supine Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Gerund habendi habendo habendum habendo Supine ----- ----- habitum habitu Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Wed Aug 27 20:22:03 EDT 1997 Examples of Second Conjugation Verbs The second conjugation has some irregularities not found in the first conjugation. In particular, the four principal parts do not follow in a single standard way from the first person present indicative form. However, some regular patterns occur. I have grouped this list according to the third principal part or first person perfect indicative form. Second conjugation -evi verbs The endings of the principal parts are -eo, -ere, -evi, and -etus. Verbs that follow this pattern are marked (2evi) for short. deleo (2evi). vt. destroy. pleo (2evi). vt. fill. o o o o expleo (2evi). vt. fill up, satisfy. compleo (2evi). vt. fill up, supply. impleo (2evi). vt. fill. repleo (2evi). vt. refill, replenish. Second conjugation -ui verbs The endings of the principal parts are -eo, -ere, -ui, and -itus. I mark these verbs as (2ui) for short. appareo (2ui). vi. appear. careo (2ui). vi. lack, be without (+ gen. or abl.). (Sometimes used impersonally.) censeo, -ere, -ui, -us. vt. expect, assess, tax, register, propose. exerceo (2ui). vt., keep busy, supervise, train, practice. habeo (2ui). vt. have, hold, possess. It is not surprising that the Latin verb habere (to have) and derivative words have a number of English descendents. Among them are: o o o o o habit [< habitus, -us (custom) a supine (=abstract noun, gerundive) form]; debit [< debitus < de(hi)beo], exhibit, exhibition [< exhibitus < exhibeo], inhibit, inhibition [< inhibitus < inhibeo], prohibit, prohibition [< prohibitus < prohibeo], English to have is unrelated despite its superficial similarity. The American Heritage Dictionary list the Proto-Indo-European root ghabh- for Latin habere and kapfor English to have. o o adhibeo (2ui). vt. apply, cite. cohibeo (2ui). vt. restrain, confine, repress. In case you happen to be suspicious of the vowel change from habeo to cohibeo, note that the risquée English verb to cohabit comes instead from the stem cohabit- of the first conjugation Latin verb cohabitare [< cum (with) + habitare (to live in, dwell)] and not from cohibit-, the stem of the fourth principal part of cohibeo. Curiously habitare does come from the supine form habitus, so cohibeo is a great uncle of cohabitare. o o o o o o debeo (2ui). vt. ought, owe. (contraction of dehibeo.) exhibeo (2ui). vt. display, exhibit. inhibeo (2ui). vt. restrain, control. perhibeo (2ui). vt. assert. praebeo (2ui). vt. offer, hold out. (contraction of praehibeo.) prohibeo (2ui). vt. hinder, prevent. liceor, liceri, licitus sum. vi. make an offer for, bid on. licet, licere, licuit (licitum est). impers. it is permitted, one may. (A subject can be given in the dative, e.g., mihi licet, I may. misereor, misereri, miseritus sum. vi. pity (+ gen.). miseret, miserere, miseruit, miseritum. impers. be a pity. moneo (2ui). vt. warn, remind. o admoneo (2ui). vt. suggest. The past participle admonitus yields English admonish and admonition. pareo (2ui). vi. obey. pateo (2ui). vi. spread, extend, lie open. placeo (2ui). vi. please (+ dat.). taceo (2ui). vi. keep silent. teneo, -ere, -ui, tentus. vt. hold, keep, posses. o attineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tentus. vt. hold on to, reach for, attain. o detineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tentus. vt. hold up, detain, occupy. o obtineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tentus. vt. keep up, hold on to, persist. o pertineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tenturus. vi. reach, extend, pertain. o retineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tentus. vt. hold back, restrain, retain. terreo (2ui). vt. frighten, alarm, terrify. o absterreo (2ui). vt. scare away. o deterreo (2ui). vt. scare away. o exterreo (2ui). vt. scare thoroughly. o perterreo (2ui). vt. frighten. timeo (2ui). vi. fear, be afraid (of). Second conjugation -i verbs moveo, -ere, movi, motus. vt. move. o removeo, -ere, removi, remotus. vt. move back, remove. sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessurus intr, sit. o insideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessurus. vi. sit on (+ dat.). spondeo, -ere, spospondi, sponsus. vt. pledge, affirm, swear, vow. o despondeo, -dere, -di, -sus. vt. pledge, affirm, swear. o respondeo, -dere, -di, -sus. vt. answer. video, -ere, vidi, visus. vt. see. passive seem, be seen. o invideo, -ere, -vidi, -visus. vt. hate. o provideo, -ere, -vidi, -visus. vt. foresee. Other second conjugation verbs ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsus. vt. burn. fleo, -ere, flexi, fletus. vt. weep. maneo, -ere, mansi, mansus. vt. remain. o remaneo, -ere, remansi, remansus. vt. remain. English remain is a descendant. Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Thu Aug 12 12:54:08 EDT 2010 Latin Third Conjugation e-stem Paradigm Principal parts for gerere, to conduct, manage gero, gerere, gessi, gestus. Infinitives Active Voice Present Perfect Future gerere gesturus esse Passive Voice geri gessisse gestus esse gestum iri Participles Present Perfect Future Active Voice gerens Passive Voice ----- ----- gesturus gestus gerendus Indicative Mood Active Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 1 gero gerimus 1 gerebam gerebamus 1 geram geremus 2 geris geritis 2 gerebas gerebatis 2 geres geretis 3 gerit gerunt 3 gerebat gerebant 3 geret gerent Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Perfect Tense Singular Plural 1 gessi gessimus Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 gesseram gesseramus 1 gessero gesserimus 2 gessisti gessistis 2 gesseras gesseratis 2 gesseris gesseritis 3 gessit 3 gesserat gesserant 3 gesserit gesserint gesserunt Passive Voice Present Tense Singular Plural 1 geror gerimur Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 gerebar gerebamur Future Tense Singular Plural 1 gerar geremur 2 gereris gerimini 2 gerebaris gerebamini 2 gereris geremini 3 geritur geruntur 3 gerebatur gerebantur 3 geretur gerentur The perfect passives of gerere are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse. Perfect passive: gestus sum Pluperfect passive: gestus eram Future perfect passive: gestus ero The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e. Subjunctive Mood Active Voice Present Tense Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 geram geramus 1 gererem gereremus 2 geras geratis 2 gereres gereretis 3 gerat gerant 3 gereret gererent Perfect Tense Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 gesserim gesserimus 1 gessissem gessissemus 2 gesseris gesseritis 2 gessisses gessissetis 3 gesserit gesserint 3 gessisset gessissent Passive Voice Present Tense Singular Plural 1 gerar geramur Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 gererer gereremur 2 geraris geramini 2 gerereris gereremini 3 geratur gerantur 3 gereretur gererentur The perfect passive subjunctives of gerere are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse. Perfect passive subjunctive: gestus sim Pluperfect passive subjunctive: gestus essem The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e. Imperative Mood Active Voice Present Tense Future Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 2 gere gerite 2 gerito geritote 3 ----- ----- 3 gerito gerunto Passive Voice Present Tense Future Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 2 gerere gerimini 2 geritor ----- 3 ----- ----- 3 geritor geruntor Gerund and Supine Genitive Dative Gerund gerendi Supine ----- Accusative Ablative gerendo gerendum gerendo ----- gestu gestum Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Thu Aug 28 14:06:08 EDT 1997 Latin Third Conjugation i-stem Paradigm Principal parts for iacere, to throw, hurl iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus. Infinitives Active Voice Present Perfect Future iacere iacturus esse Passive Voice iaceri iecisse iactus esse iactum iri Participles Present Perfect Future Active Voice iaciens Passive Voice ----- ----- iacturus iactus iaciendus Indicative Mood Active Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Future Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 iacio iacimus 1 iaciebam iaciebamus 1 iaciam iaciemus 2 iacis iacitis 2 iaciebas iaciebatis 2 iacies iacietis 3 iacit iaciunt 3 iaciebat iaciebant 3 iaciet iacient Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Perfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 ieci iecimus 1 ieceram ieceramus 1 iecero iecerimus 2 iecisti iecistis 2 ieceras ieceratis 2 ieceris ieceritis 3 iecit iecerunt 3 iecerat 3 iecerit iecerint iecerant Passive Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural iaciebamur Future Tense Singular Plural 1 iacior iacimur 1 iaciebar 1 iaciar iaciemur 2 iaceris iacimini 2 iaciebaris iaciebamini 2 iacieris iaciemini 3 iacitur iaciuntur 3 iaciebatur iaciebantur 3 iacietur iacientur The perfect passives of iacere are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse. Perfect passive: iactus sum Pluperfect passive: iactus eram Future perfect passive: iactus ero The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e. Subjunctive Mood Active Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 iaciam iaciamus 1 iacerem iaceremus 2 iacias iaciatis 2 iaceres iaceretis 3 iaciat iaciant 3 iaceret Perfect Tense Singular Plural iacerent Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 iecerim iecerimus 1 iecissem iecissemus 2 ieceris ieceritis 2 iecisses iecissetis 3 iecerit iecerint 3 iecisset iecissent Passive Voice Present Tense Singular Plural 1 iaciar iaciamur Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 iacerer iaceremur 2 iaciaris iaciamini 2 iacereris iaceremini 3 iaciatur iaciantur 3 iaceretur iacerentur The perfect passive subjunctives of iacere are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse. Perfect passive subjunctive: iactus sim Pluperfect passive subjunctive: iactus essem The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e. Imperative Mood Active Voice Present Tense Future Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 2 iace iacite 2 iacito iacitote 3 ----- ----- 3 iacito iaciunto Passive Voice Present Tense Future Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 2 iacere iacimini 2 iacitor ----- 3 ----- ----- 3 iacitor iaciuntor Gerund and Supine Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Gerund iaciendi iaciendo iaciendum iaciendo Supine ----- ----- iactum iactu Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Wed Aug 27 21:01:38 EDT 1997 Latin Third Conjugation Ø-stem Paradigm Principal parts for ferre, to carry, bear fero, ferre, tuli, latus. Infinitives Active Voice Present Perfect Future ferre laturus esse Passive Voice ferri tulisse latus esse latum iri Participles Present Perfect Future Active Voice ferens Passive Voice ----- ----- laturus latus ferendus Indicative Mood Active Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 1 fero ferimus 1 ferebam ferebamus 1 feram feremus 2 fers fertis 2 ferebas ferebatis 2 feres feretis 3 fert ferunt 3 ferebat ferebant 3 feret ferent Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Perfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 tuli tulimus 1 tuleram tuleramus 1 tulero tulerimus 2 tulisti tulistis 2 tuleras tuleratis 2 tuleris tuleritis 3 tulit tulerunt 3 tulerat 3 tulerit tulerint tulerant Passive Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 feror ferimur 1 ferebar 2 ferris ferimini 3 fertur feruntur ferebamur Future Tense Singular Plural 1 ferar feremur 2 ferebaris ferebamini 2 fereris feremini 3 ferebatur ferebantur 3 feretur ferentur The perfect passives of ferre are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse. Perfect passive: latus sum Pluperfect passive: latus eram Future perfect passive: latus ero The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e. Subjunctive Mood Active Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 feram feramus 1 ferrem ferremus 2 feras feratis 2 ferres ferretis 3 ferat ferant 3 ferret ferrent Perfect Tense Singular Plural Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 tulerim tulerimus 1 tulissem tulissemus 2 tuleris tuleritis 2 tulisses tulissetis 3 tulerit tulerint 3 tulisset tulissent Passive Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 ferar feramur 1 ferrer ferremur 2 feraris feramini 2 ferreris ferremini 3 feratur ferantur 3 ferretur ferrentur The perfect passive subjunctives of ferre are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse. Perfect passive subjunctive: latus sim Pluperfect passive subjunctive: latus essem The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e. Imperative Mood Active Voice Present Tense Future Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 2 fer ferte 2 ferto fertote 3 ----- ----- 3 ferto ferunto Passive Voice Present Tense Future Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 2 ferre ferimini 2 fertor ----- 3 ----- ----- 3 fertor feruntor Gerund and Supine Genitive Dative Gerund ferendi Supine ----- Accusative Ablative ferendo ferendum ferendo ----- latu latum Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Wed Aug 27 21:15:14 EDT 1997 Examples of Third Conjugation Verbs I have divided the third conjugation verbs into three major classes, namely the e-stems, the i-stems and the Ø-stems. The class of Ø-stems consists of ferre and its common and is usually treated as an irregular verb. I don't really see any reason to do this -- at least it isn't any more irregular than the average third conjugation verb (except maybe that its present, perfect and participle stems are so ridiculously different). e-stems ago, -ere, egi, actus. vt. do, discuss, spend (time). o cogo, -ere, -egi, -actus. vt. collect, compel. cano, -ere, cecini, cantus. vt. sing (of). cado, -ere, cecidi, casurus. vt. fall. cedo, -ere, cessi, cessus. vt. grant, yield, submit to, go, proceed. o accedo, -deri, -ssi, -ssus. vt. go to, approach. o discedo, -deri, -ssi, -ssus. vt. go from, leave. o excedo, -deri, -ssi, -ssus. vt. go from, leave. o recedo, -deri, -ssi, -ssus. vt. go back to, return. cresco, -ere, crevi, creturus. vi. grow, increase. o decresco, -crescere, -crevi, -creturus. vi. decrease. curro, -ere, cucurri, cursus. vt. run. do, dare, dedi, datus. vt. give. (1st conjugation irregular). o dedo, -dere, -didi, -ditus. vt. surrender. o o o perdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus. vt. destroy, lose, waste. reddo, -dere, -didi, -ditus. vt. give back, return. trado, -dere, -didi, -ditus. vt. hand over, betray. duco, -ere, duxi, ductus. vt. lead, consider. o deduco, -cere, -xi, -ctus. vt. deduce, deduct, subtract. o reduco, -cere, -xi, -ctus. vt. revive, restore, withdraw. eruo, -uere, -ui, -itus. vt. uproot, elicit, destroy. figo, -gere, -xi, -xus (-ctus) vt. fix, attach. cruci figere crucify. o praefigo, -gere, -xi, -xus (-ctus) vt. fix, fasten, prefix, impale. frango, -ere, fregi, fractus. vt. break, shatter, smash. fremo, -ere, ui, -itus. vt. grumble at, complain loudly about. fungor, -i, functus sum. vi. perform. gero, -ere, gessi, gestus. vt. conduct, manage. bellum gerere. wage war. incolo, -ere, -ui. vi. inhabit. induo, -ere, -ui, -utus. vt. cover, wrap, assume. lego, -ere, lexi, lectus. vt. choose, select, read. o intellego, -legere, -lexi, -lectus. vt. understand. mitto, -ere, misi, missus. vt. send. pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsus. vt. push, drive off. o expello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus. vt. push out, drive out, expel. o repello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus. vt. push back, drive back, repel. peto, -ere, petivi, petitus. vt. seek, ask for. pono, -ere, posui, positus. vt. put, place, set aside. o appono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. serve (food), put near, put beside. o compono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. put together, compose. o depono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. deposit, lay aside, bring down. o dispono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. arrange, decribe, dispose. o expono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. explain, expose. o impono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. place, deceive. o interpono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. place between, interpose, intervene. o o o o o o oppono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. oppose. postpono, -nere, -sui, -s(i)tus. vt. put after. praepono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. put ahead of, prefer. propono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. propose, publish, display. repono, -nere, -sui, -s(i)tus. vt. put back, replace, restore. superpono, -nere, -sui, -s(i)tus. vt. place (something) upon (+ dative). (Classical physicists are fond of superposition [superpositio, -ionis].) posco, -ere, poposci. vi. beg, demand. quaero, -rere, -sivi or -sii, -situs. vt. look for, search for, obtain. rego, -ere, rexi, rectus. vt. set up, erect, raise. o derigo, -ere, derexi, derectus. vt. set straight, direct. o erigo, -ere, erexi, erectus. vt. govern, rule, guide. o pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectus. vt. continue, proceed, go on with. o surrigo, -ere, surrexi, surrectus. vt. raise, lift up. repo, -ere, repsi. vi. creep, crawl. o surrepo, -ere, surrepsi, surreptum. vt. creep under. vi. creep up, (with dative) creep up on. scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptus. vt. write. o inscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptus. vt. write on, inscribe. o rescribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptus. vt. write back, rewrite. sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus. vt. take, assume. tego, -ere, texi, tectus. vt. cover, conceal. o contego, -gere, -xi, -ctus. vt. shield, protect. o detego, -gere, -xi, -ctus. vt. uncover, detect, expose. o intego, -gere, -xi, -ctus. vt. cover up, protect. o protego, -gere, -xi, -ctus. vt. protect. vivo, -ere, vixi, victurus. vi. be alive, survive; (with ablative, or with de followed by ablative:) subsist on. vive. adv. in a lively manner. volvo, -vere, -vi, -utus. vt. roll, turn about. o evolvo, -vere, -vi, -utus. vt. unroll, unfold, spread, expand. i-stems capio, -ere, cepi, captus. vt. take, capture. o accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. receive. o excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. take out. o incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. begin. o recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. take back, receive. o suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. undertake, begin. facio, -ere, feci, factus. vt. make, do. For passive forms, use the irregular verb fio, fieri, factus sum, be made, become. o afficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. affect. o conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. complete, accomplish. o inficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. stain, poison, corrupt. o interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. consider, kill. o perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. complete, finish. o praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. place in charge. o reficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. repair, renew. o sufficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. suffice, afford. fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitus. vt. flee, escape from. vi. flee, escape. iacio, -ere, ieci, iactus. vt. throw, hurl. o abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. throw down, weaken. o conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. hurl, throw together, put together, conjecture. o deicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. throw down. o inicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. throw on, don, put on. o proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. fling, abandon. o subicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. subordinate, put down. specio, -ere, spexi, spectus. vt. look at. o aspicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. inspect, consider. o despicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. look down upon, despise. o inspicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. look into, examine. o o o prospicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. contemplate. respicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. look back, consider, respect. suspicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. esteem, look up to, suspect. Ø-stems fero, ferre, tuli, latus. vt. carry, bear. o confero, -ferre, -tuli, collatus. vt. collect, confer. o defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus. vt. carry away, hand over. nomen deferre. to accuse. o infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. vi. carry in, place on, infer (+ dat.). o praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus. vt. hurry past. o refero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus. vt. bring back, refer, restore, repeat. o transfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus. vt. convey, transfer. Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Thu Nov 8 11:07:15 EST 2007 Latin Fourth Conjugation Paradigm Principal parts for scire, to know: scio, scire, scivi, scitus. Infinitives Present Perfect Future Active Voice scire Passive Voice sciri scivisse sciturus esse scitus esse scitum iri Participles Present Perfect Future Active Voice sciens Passive Voice ----- ----- sciturus scitus sciendus Indicative Mood Active Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 1 scio scimus 1 sciebam sciebamus 1 sciam sciemus 2 scis scitis 2 sciebas sciebatis 2 scies scietis 3 scit sciunt 3 sciebat sciebant 3 sciet scient Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Perfect Tense Singular Plural 1 scivi scivimus Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 sciveram sciveramus 1 scivero sciverimus 2 scivisti scivistis 2 sciveras sciveratis 2 sciveris sciveritis 3 scivit 3 sciverat sciverant 3 sciverit sciverint sciverunt Passive Voice Present Tense Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 scior scimur 1 sciebar 2 sciris scimini 3 scitur sciuntur sciebamur Future Tense Singular Plural 1 sciar sciemur 2 sciebaris sciebamini 2 scieris sciemini 3 sciebatur sciebantur 3 scietur scientur The perfect passives of scire are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse. Perfect passive: scitus sum Pluperfect passive: scitus eram Future perfect passive: scitus ero The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e. Subjunctive Mood Active Voice Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 sciam sciamus 1 scirem sciremus 2 scias sciatis 2 scires sciretis 3 sciat sciant 3 sciret scirent Perfect Tense Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 sciverim sciverimus 1 scivissem scivissemus 2 sciveris sciveritis 2 scivisses scivissetis 3 sciverit sciverint 3 scivisset scivissent Passive Voice Present Tense Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 sciar sciamur 1 scirer sciremur 2 sciaris sciamini 2 scireris sciremini 3 sciatur sciantur 3 sciretur scirentur The perfect passive subjunctives of scire are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse. Perfect passive subjunctive: scitus sim Pluperfect passive subjunctive: scitus essem The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e. Imperative Mood Active Voice Present Tense Singular Plural 2 sci scite Future Tense Singular Plural 2 scito scitote 3 ----- ----- 3 scito sciunto Passive Voice Present Tense Future Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 2 scire scimini 2 scitor ----- 3 ----- ----- 3 scitor sciuntor Gerund and Supine Genitive Dative Gerund sciendi Supine ----- Accusative Ablative sciendo sciendum sciendo ----- scitu scitum Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Thu Jan 22 11:08:30 EST 1998. Typo correction: subjunctive `sciatis' was listed incorrectly as `scietis'. (Thanks to Marcella for pointing me to it!) Examples of Fourth Conjugation Verbs The four principal parts of many fourth conjugation verbs can be obtained from the stem of fourth person present indicative form by adding the endings -io, -ire, -ivi, and -itus. Rather than write out all four principal parts of such verbs, I mark these very regular verbs as (4). For example, the entry: scio (4). vt. know. is short for the entry: scio, scire, scivi, scitus. (transitive verb) know. aperio, aperire, aperui, apertus. vt. open. audio (4). vt. hear, listen (to). dormio (4). vi. sleep. orior, -iri, ortus sum. vi. rise, appear, originate. scio (4). vt. know. sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus. vt. sense, feel, perceive. o assentio, -tire, -si, -sum. vi. assent to (+ dat.). o assentior, -tiri, -sum sum. vt. assent to (+ dat.). o consentio, -tire, -si, -sus. vt. agree, assent. o dissentio, -tire, -si, -sus. vt. disagree, oppose. o subsentio, -tire, -si, -sus. vt. notice secretly venio, venire, veni, venturus. vi. come. o advenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. arrive. o convenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. meet, assemble. o evenio, evenire, eveni, eventum. vi. result, happen, occur. o invenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. discover, invent. o intervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. delay. vi. come between, intervene, interrupt (+ dat.). o pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. arrive, reach. o praevenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. anticipate, come before. Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Wed Sep 25 11:36:08 EDT 2002 Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (esse) Principal parts for esse, to be sum, esse, fui, (futurus). Infinitives and Participles Present Perfect Future Infinitive esse fuisse futurus esse Participle ----- ----- futurus Indicative Mood Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 1 sum sumus 1 eram eramus 1 ero erimus 2 es estis 2 eras eratis 2 eris eritis 3 est sunt 3 erat erant 3 erit erunt Perfect Tense Singular Plural Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural Future Perfect Tense Singular Plural 1 fui fuimus 1 fueram fueramus 1 fuero fuerimus 2 fuisti fuistis 2 fueras fueratis 2 fueris fueritis 3 fuit fuerunt 3 fuerat fuerant 3 fuerit fuerint The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e. Subjunctive Mood Present Tense Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 sim simus 1 essem essemus 2 sis sitis 2 esses essetis 3 sit sint 3 esset essent Perfect Tense Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 fuerim fuerimus 1 fuissem fuissemus 2 fueris fueritis 2 fuisses fuissetis 3 fuerit fuerint 3 fuisset fuissent For the past subjective, the following forms are also found: forem, fores, ... Imperative Mood Present Tense Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 2 es este 2 esto estote 3 ----- ----- 3 esto sunto Compounds absum. be absent. adsum. be present. desum. fail at (+ dat.ve). insum. be in. intersum. be among (+ dat.ve). obsum. be against (+ dat.ve). possum, posse, potui. be able, can. (from pot- + esse.) praesum. be in charge of, preside over (+ dat.ve). prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus. be useful for, be good for (+ dat.ve). subsum. be near (+ dat.ve). supersum. to survive (+ dat.ve). Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Tue Aug 26 14:53:04 EDT 1997 Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (fieri) Principal parts for fieri, to become, to be made fio, fieri, factus sum. In addition to its meaning "to become", this verb is also used as the passive of facio, facere (to make) Infinitives and Participles Present Perfect Future Infinitive fieri factus esse factum ire Participle ----- factus, gen. euntis faciendus Indicative Mood Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 1 fio fimus 1 fiebam fiebamus 1 fiam fiemus 2 fis fitis 2 fiebas fiebatis 2 fies fietis 3 fit fiunt 3 fiebat fiebant 3 fiet fient The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect forms are constructed from the perfect participle and the present, past or future tense of esse. Perfect: factus sum Pluperfect: factus eram Future perfect: factus ero Subjunctive Mood Present Tense Singular Plural 1 fiam fiamus Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 fierem fieremus 2 fias fiatis 2 fieres fieretis 3 fiat fiant 3 fieret fierent The perfect and pluperfect forms are constructed from the perfect participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse. Perfect: factus sim Pluperfect: factus essem Imperative Mood Present Tense Future Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 2 fi fite 2 ----- ----- 3 ----- ----- 3 ----- ----- Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Wed Sep 1 11:03:25 EDT 2004 Thanks to Celia K for the corrections to the severely typo-ridden Future Active Indicative! Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (ire) Principal parts for ire, to go eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum. Although ire is intransitive, it does have impersonal passive forms. Infinitives and Participles Active Voice Present Perfect Infinitive ire Future ivisse, isse iturus esse Participle iens, gen. euntis ----- iturus Passive Voice Present Perfect Future Infinitive iri itum esse ----- Participle ----- ----- eundum Indicative Mood Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 1 eo imus 1 ibam ibamus 1 ibo ibimus 2 is itis 2 ibas ibatis 2 ibis ibitis 3 it eunt 3 ibat ibant 3 ibit ibunt Perfect Tense Singular Plural 1 ivi ivimus Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 iveram iveramus Future Perfect Tense Singular Plural 1 ivero iverimus 2 ivisti ivistis 2 iveras iveratis 2 iveris iveritis 3 ivit iverunt 3 iverat iverant 3 iverit iverint The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e. The perfect, pluperfect and future perfect forms are sometimes contracted from iv- to i-. Passive Voice (Impersonal) Present: itur Imperfect: ibatur Future: ibitur Perfect: itum est Imperfect: itum erat Future: itum erit Subjunctive Mood Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 eam eamus 1 irem iremus 2 eas eatis 2 ires iretis 3 eat eant 3 iret irent Perfect Tense Singular Plural Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 iverim iverimus 1 ivissem ivissemus 2 iveris iveritis 2 ivisses ivissetis 3 iverit iverint 3 ivisset ivissent The perfect, pluperfect and future perfect forms are sometimes contracted from iv- to i-. Imperative Mood Present Tense Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 2i ite 2 ito itote 3 ----- ----- 3 ito eunto Gerund and Supine Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Gerund eundi Supine ----- eundo eundum eundo ----- itu itum Compounds abeo. vi. go away, leave. adeo. vt. go toward, approach, attack, visit. ambio. vt. go around, encircle. circumeo. vt. go around, visit, cheat. coeo. vi. meet, mate, copulate. depereo. vt. be hopelessly in love with. vi. perish. exeo. vt. ward off. vi. leave. ineo. vt. enter. intereo. vi. perish. obeo. vt. travel to, review. vi. die, fade away. pereo. vi. perish. praeeo. vt. lead. prodeo. vi. advance. redeo. vi. return. subeo. vt. approach. transeo. vt. cross. veneo. vi. be for sale. Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Fri Dec 13 15:31:06 EST 2002 Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (malle) Principal parts for malle, to prefer malo, malle, malui. Infinitives and Participles Present Perfect Future Infinitive malle maluisse ----- Participle ----- ----- ----- Indicative Mood Present Tense Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 1 malo malumus 1 malebam malebamus 1 malam malemus 2 mavis mavultis 2 malebas malebatis 2 males maletis 3 mavult malunt 3 malebat malebant 3 malet malent Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Perfect Tense Singular Plural 1 malui maluimus Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 malueram malueramus 1 maluero maluerimus 2 maluisti maluistis 2 malueras malueratis 2 malueris malueritis 3 maluit 3 maluerat maluerant 3 maluerit maluerint maluerunt The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e. Subjunctive Mood Present Tense Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 malim malimus 1 mallem mallemus 2 malis malitis 2 malles malletis 3 malit malint 3 mallet mallent Perfect Tense Singular Plural Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 maluerim maluerimus 1 maluissem maluissemus 2 malueris malueritis 2 maluisses maluissetis 3 maluerit maluerint 3 maluisset maluissent Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Mon Aug 25 12:22:48 EDT 1997 Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (nolle) Principal parts for nolle, to be unwilling nolo, nolle, nolui. Infinitives and Participles Present Perfect Future Infinitive nolle noluisse ----- Participle nolens ----- ----- Indicative Mood Present Tense Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 nolo nolumus Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 1 nolebam nolebamus 1 nolam nolemus 2 non vis non vultis 2 nolebas nolebatis 2 noles noletis 3 non vult nolunt 3 nolebat nolebant 3 nolet nolent Perfect Tense Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Singular Plural 1 nolui noluimus Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 nolueram nolueramus 1 noluero noluerimus 2 noluisti noluistis 2 nolueras nolueratis 2 nolueris nolueritis 3 noluit 3 noluerat noluerant 3 noluerit noluerint noluerunt The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e. Subjunctive Mood Present Tense Singular Plural 1 nolim nolimus Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 nollem nollemus 2 nolis nolitis 2 nolles nolletis 3 nolit nolint 3 nollet nollent Perfect Tense Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 noluerim noluerimus 1 noluissem noluissemus 2 nolueris nolueritis 2 noluisses noluissetis 3 noluerit noluerint 3 noluisset noluissent Imperative Mood Present Tense Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 2 noli nolite 2 nolito nolitote 3 ----- ----- 3 nolito noluntote Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Mon Aug 25 12:26:47 EDT 1997 Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (velle) Principal parts for velle, to wish volo, velle, volui. Infinitives and Participles Present Perfect Future Infinitive velle voluisse ----- Participle volens ----- ----- Indicative Mood Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural Future Tense Singular Plural 1 volo volumus 1 volebam volebamus 1 volam volemus 2 vis vultis 2 volebas volebatis 2 voles voletis 3 vult volunt 3 volebat volebant 3 volet volent Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Perfect Tense Singular Plural 1 volui voluimus Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 volueram volueramus 1 voluero voluerimus 2 voluisti voluistis 2 volueras volueratis 2 volueris volueritis 3 voluit 3 voluerat voluerant 3 voluerit voluerint voluerunt The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e. Subjunctive Mood Present Tense Singular Plural Imperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 velim velimus 1 vellem vellemus 2 velis velitis 2 velles velletis 3 velit velint 3 vellet vellent Perfect Tense Singular Plural Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural 1 voluerim voluerimus 1 voluissem voluissemus 2 volueris volueritis 2 voluisses voluissetis 3 voluerit voluerint 3 voluisset voluissent Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Mon Aug 25 12:30:08 EDT 1997 Conjunctions Conjunctions come in two flavors, coördinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. Coördinating conjunctions join two expressions or two clauses at the same level. Subordinating conjunctions connect a clause at a lower level to a clause one level deeper. In addition, a number of adverbs are often used like conjunctions. These include a number of Latin equivalents of English words like therefore, moreover and however. Coördinating Conjunctions These connect two grammatical units at an equal level, such as: two nouns or noun phrases the green bird and the hungry cat two independent clauses Purple cows don't exist, but Descartes claims to exist because he thinks. Simple conjunctions ac. and. at. but. (This is more emphatic than sed.) atque. and, and also, moreover. aut. or. et. and. nec non. and besides. sed. but. vel. or. Paired conjunctions atque...atque. both...and. aut...aut. either...or. et...et. both...and. nec...et. not only...but also. Note: the meaning of the first conjoined expression is affirmative rather than negative not only in Latin but also in English (nec in lingua Latina classica et in lingua Anglisca moderna)! nec...nec. neither...or. ut...ita. Although...nevertheless. Adverbial conjunctions ergo, idcirco, itaque, unde. hence, thus, therefore, then, whence. etiam, insuper, porro, praeterea. and besides, furthermore, and in addition, moreover. tamen, autem. however, nevertheless, nonetheless. Subordinating Conjunctions These connect a clause of one level to a clause of a deeper level: Purple cows don't exist, but Descartes claims to exist because he thinks. For a number of subordinating conjunctions, the meaning may depend significantly on the mood (indicative or subjunctive) of the verb in the subordinate clause. The indicative mood typically has a factual meaning, whereas the subjunctive frequently denotes possibility or obligation. cum. when, whenever, since, because. o cum-temporal clauses (when, whenever). The subordinate clause takes the subjunctive mode. o cum-causal clauses (since, because). The subordinate clause takes the indicative mode if the time is present, future or definite past. The subordinate clause takes the subjunctive mode for indefinite past time. si. if. o Statements of fact take the indicative mode. o Statements of possibility take the subjunctive mode. Some subordinating conjunctions antequam. before. cum. when, whenever, since, because. dum. while, if only, so long as, until. si. if. usque. until. ut. while, as. Mathematical equations and fit In mathematical German, formulas (equations and inequalities) are treated as expressions rather than as sentences. However, in mathematical English, they are more commonly treated as sentences. Since symbolic expressions of the kind used in nineteenth and twentieth century mathematics only go back to the Renaissance period, treatment of these symbolic expressions may vary a bit. A writer handling formulas as expressions is apt to make heavy use of fit, the third person singular present indicative of the irregular verb fieri. In English, this is apt to be translated as therefore rather than more literally as it becomes. The following example should clarify the issue: Latin Literal English Sit: Let it be: Let: f(x)=x². f(x)=x². f(x)=x². Mutando x in x+h, Changing x into x+h, Then, fit: f(x)=x²+2hx+h². it becomes: changing x into x+h, f(x)=x²+2hx+h². f(x)=x²+2hx+h². Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Sun Sep 14 14:38:18 EDT 1997 Prepositions Take these examples with a grain of salt. The classical Latin system of prepositions does not coincide neatly with the English system. Accordingly, some of the examples may reflect my prejudices as an English speaker more than they reflect classical Latin usage. Of course if you find such an example, please do send me email (polite or inflammatory). I would like this to be as accurate as possible. Prepositions governing the accusative ad motion adversus to against in front of, before ante position apud position at, among circiter about circum around cis, citra ad senatum ambulare to walk to the Senate position on this side of carrum ante equum ponere to put the cart before the horse milites circum transfugam stabant the soldiers stood around the deserter contra against contra condus pugnare to fight with the shopkeepers erga motion extra position outside extra casam pugnaverunt they fought outside the house in motion saxum in casam iacere to throw the rock into the house infra position below inter position intra position within juxta position near ob cause because of per motion through post position behind, after praeter toward into, onto, on between, among inter amicos sto I stand among friends equum post carrum ponere to put the horse after the cart beyond, past prope position near propter cause because of secundum position next to post hoc ergo propter hoc after it thus because of it (logical fallacy) sub motion super position over supra position above, over pontis supra aquam territum a bridge over fearful water trans motion across ventus trans flumen flat the wind blows across the stream versus motion toward ultra under beyond As Latin was losing its case system, prepositions started to move in to fill the void. In colloquial Latin, the preposition ad followed by the accusative was sometimes used as a substitute for the dative case. Classical Latin: Iacobus geometrae librum donat James is giving the geometer the book. Vulgar Latin: Iacobus librum ad geometrem donat James is giving the book to the geometer. Modern French: Jacques donne le livre au géomètre James is giving the book to the geometer. Prepositions governing the ablative by ab Aenea esus eaten by Aeneas time since, after a censu natus born after the census motion from from a domu veniens a, ab, abs agent coming from home cause from, out of ab augerio territus frightened by augury cum accompaniment with cum Marco edi I ate with Mark de motion from down from de caelo descendere to fall from the sky subject about, concerning liber de Caesare a book about Caesar e, ex source from, out of de danista ex infernis affligi to be injured by the money lender from hell in position in, on in saxo sto I am standing on the rock prae position before cum prae Caesare Clintone steti, mihi ad Texam ablegavit because I stood before President Clinton, he banished me to Texas pro position in front of, for pro vobis venio, ut post vos sto sine accompaniment without amor sine spe love without hope sub position aqua sub ponte water under the bridge I come before you to stand behind you below, under Just as in the disappearing dative case, colloquial Latin sometimes replaced the disappearing genitive case with the preposition de followed by the ablative. Classical Latin: Iacobus mihi librum geometrae donat. James is giving me the geometer's book. Vulgar Latin: Iacobus mihi librum de geometre donat. James is giving me the book of (belonging to) the geometer. Vulgar Latin: Iacobus librum de geometre ad me donat. James is giving the book of (belonging to) the geometer to me. Modern French: Jacques me donne le livre du géomètre. James is giving me the book of (belonging to) the geometer. Modern French: Jacques donne le livre du géomètre à moi. James is giving the book of (belonging to) the geometer to me. Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Wed Jan 20 12:46 EDT 2010 Latin Interjections An interjections is a word or phrase which doesn't have much grammatical connection to the rest of a sentence. In some cases, an interjection may serve as an entire sentence. Some relatively clean examples in English -- the interjection is in boldface: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Egad! August, to think that even Brutus would join the rebels. The sum of these two power series yields well uh an analytic continuation of Riemann's zeta function. Doh! Darn it! Oh! Latin also has interjections. Some indicate emotion, some derive from invocations of members of the Roman or Greek pantheon, some are Greek borrowings, while others are taken from other parts of speech. (Translations in italics are guesses by me.) G-rated examples: age (imperative of ago, agere (III), egi, actus to drive, to urge, to conduct) Come! Well! ecce (astonishment) behold! ehem (pleasant surprise) wow! eheu (pain) ow! oh! eho (rebuke) see here! ehodum (rebuke) now see here! ei, hei (fear or dismay) eia, heia (praise) good! (haste) quick! eia age (haste) quickly now! come quick! em, hem (probably from imperative eme of emo, emere (III), emi, emptus to aquire, to buy) (1) Here you are! (2) There you are! (followed by a dative indicating something that is being given.) eu (ironic) great! (Great! Now it will take a mere two hundred years for me to finish.) euge (praise) terrific! euhoe, evoe, evae (cry of ecstasy at a Bacchanal) eeyow! Hercle By Hercules! heu, eheu, vae (sorrow) alas! heus (drawing attention) hey! io (joy!) ho! Iove By Jove! lo (from Greek?) Lo! (as in "Lo, how a rose e'er blooming...") o (astonishment) oh! Pol Pollux! Polydeuces! papae (delight!) wonderful! pro oh! pro pudor fie! for shame pro di immortales heavens above! heavens to betsy! (literally: for the immortal gods!) st shhh! vae woe! (with dative) woe to (e.g. vae mihi Woe is me!) (Sources for the initial version of this page: Allen & Greenough New Latin Grammar [referenced on main page], The New College Latin & English Dictionary [also referenced on main page], and William Whitaker's Words Mail comments to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page) Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page) Last updated: Thu Jul 31 13:51:47 EDT 2003 Latin Examples Introduction (Prooemium) This is a collection in progress of snippets of Latin. In this section, I have not bothered to mark long vowels. If you'd like to contribute a few sentences to this modest collection, then feel free to email your submission to me at the the email address below. I will acknowledge any submissions that I decide to use. If you're looking for online Latin texts or English translations, please check out the links to other Latin resources. PS: I'm sure there are mistakes here. Don't hesitate to offer any corrections. Elementary examples (Exempla facilia) 1. Lingua latina demortua est. Romanos occidit etenim me necat. -- schoolboy taunt Latin is dead. It killed the Romans and it's killing me too. 2. Venus, tuus tonsus novus est squalor flebilis! Venus, your new hairdo is a pathetic mess! Public service warning: Gentlemen, avoid the temptation to try this sentence out on your girlfriend -- even in your best bedroom voice (vox amatoria). After all, if you can find this web site, so can she. 3. Vir honeste, tonsum affer. Yo dude! get a haircut. (60's nostalgia version) Vir transitori, tonsum affer. Get a haircut, hippie. 4. Quae sufficiat addigitasse. -- C. G. Jacobi. in § 46 of Fundamenta Nova Theoriae Functionum Ellipticarum May it suffice to have pointed out these things. Let it suffice to have pointed out these things. (fig.) The details are left as an exercise. Notes: addigitasse is a contraction of addigitavisse, the perfect infinitive of a Late Latin verb addigitare, to point out. This verb is listed in Latham's list of Latin words from medieval British and Irish sources. According to Latham, the first word shows up in one of his sources dating back to approximately 1180 CE. It is a compound ad + digit- where digitus is Latin for finger. Question: Is the modern Italian verb additare a cognate? 5. Ave Caesar, morituri te salutant. Hail Caesar, those who are about to die salute you. Folk songs I've butchered several American folk songs, both traditional and revisionist, and partially (and whimsically!) translated them into folksy Latin. Some of these might be singable. Win virtual prizes for correctly identifying the songs and finding all the errors! E canto in ventulus flare auctore Roberto Dylano: De quot viis viro ambulandum est, dum virum appelatur. E canto de Thoma Dulio cantoribus trinionis Regioppidi: Caput demitte, Thomas Duli! Caput demitte fleque. Caput demitte, Thomas Duli! Miser! iussum est, ut mori deberere. E canto traditionale de bella Pollia: Pollia! bella Pollia! veni et mecum i. Pollia! bella Pollia! veni et mecum i, ut videamus gaudios, antequam maramur. E canto traditionale Pauper barbarus errans: Sum pauper barbarus errans, Qui per terram miserandam, Et est nec morbus nec labor nec periculum In terra alba ad quam eo. Mail comments and contributions to Eric Conrad ([email protected]). Domum Erici adeamus! Sursum adeamus! Last updated: Tue Sep 25 16:42:26 EDT 2007 (If you're looking for a favorite phrase that you suggested in Spring or Summer of 2007, please don't despair yet. I do have several good suggestions that I still plan to add to this list.) Latin phrases used in English Latin Phrase Abbrev. Literal English Translation Examples to the point of disgust and so on and on and on and on amicus curiae a friend of the court The American Civil Liberties Union filed an amicus curiae an interested third party brief supporting Jerry Falwell's suit against the city of Lynchburg. causa sine qua non a reason swithout which not an indispensible condition ad nauseam cave canem! Beware of the dog! caveat emptor! Let the buyer beware! Let the customer beware! "Caveat emptor" applies to many phishing schemes on the internet. de facto from deed existing, in actuality "De facto segregration" arises from daily living rather than legal sanction. de jure according to law legally "De jure segregration" is sanctioned or demanded by law. de minimis about smallest (things) about trivia about trivialities et alii et al. and others and others et cetera etc. and the rest and so on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_minimis The Interminable Tome by Joshua Longworth, Mary Longworth, et al. ex post facto after the deed exempli gratia for the sake of an example e.g. The U.S. Constitution prohibits ex post facto laws. (An ex post facto law makes a crime out of an act committed before the enactment of the law.) for example The mayors of some cities, e.g. Columbus, are directly elected by the miserabile vulgus (q.v.), while others are appointed by the city council. a legal petition You may have the challenging detention or body (to be submitted imprisonment [for examination]). [Wikipedia article] habeas corpus (ad subjiciendum) id est retroactive i.e. it is, that is in actu that is in practice While I see no reason in theory why bread should fall jelly-side down, in actu it seems to happen more often than not. In hoc signo vinces. In this sign thou wilt conquer. In this sign you will conquer. (This motto was supposedly adopted by the emperor [Imperator] Constantine. It also appears on Pall Mall cigarette packs.) Wikipedia reference. inter alia among others among other things The boat is not seaworthy because, inter alia, it has a leaky bottom. mea culpa my fault Woops! miserabile vulgus the pathetic masses the wretched rabble Note well! Note carefully! Nota bene Novus ordo saeculorum Novus ordo n.b. A new order for the ages (See the back of a $1.00 bill.) seclorum post hoc ergo propter hoc post hoc after this therefore because of this It happened before and it is thus the cause. (a logical fallacy) Post hoc fallacy: I did five pushups and my cold went away three days later. Therefore pushups cured my cold. Extreme post hoc fallacy: I did five pushups and my cold went away three days later. Therefore five pushups is a cure for the common cold. prima facie by first look qui nucleum vult nucem frangat quod erat demonstrandum something for something tit for tat q.v. which see (a reference to another part of a published work) Q.E.D. which was to be proved this is what I set out to prove; end of proof rest (acc.) a mass for a deceased person; a song of mourning requiem requiescat http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_facie [link to translation] quid pro quo quod vide self-evident from the facts RIP may he (or she) rest in He hung the pictures as a gesture of friendship; there was no quid pro quo. (See also: a transcript of the Senate trial of the Clinton impeachment.) ...and thus the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two legs. Q.E.D. in pace peace res ipsa loquitur res ips. the matter itself speaks the situation speaks for itself; the matter is selfevident http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_ipsa_loquitur The proceedings in Brookville vs. Thompson are suspended sine die. sine die without a day indefinitely until mañana sine qua non without which not an indispensible person It's a sine qua non that Jupiter be invoked thrice before bedtime. or object summum bonum the highest good (Philosophy:) the ultimate ends Ursa major The bigger bear The Big Dipper (a constellation) Ursa minor The smaller bear The Little Dipper (another constellation) inverted (pp. of verto) against versus vs. Brown vs. Board of Education N.B.: Purists who point out that the Big Dipper is merely a subconstellation of Ursa major will be cheerfully ignored. Proverbs, Adages, Mottos and Oracles Annuit coeptis. He has smiled on our undertakings. De gustibus non disputandum est. There is no accounting for taste. Literally: Concerning taste, it is not to be argued. De minimis non curat lex. The law does not care about trivialities. De minimis non curat praetor. The judge does not care about trivialities. E pluribus unum. Out of many [comes] one. Nemo est haeres viventis. In hoc signo vinces. Nobody is an heir to [one still] living. see: http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2004/04/14/41223.htm (A New Jersey court cited the doctrine of "nemo est haeres viventis" in rejecting the legality of a waiver signed by scuba diver killed in an accident. Bonnie Gershon, et al. v. Regency Diving Center, Inc.) In this sign, thou shalt conquer. Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum sonatur. Anything said in Latin sounds profound. Literally: Whatever may have been said in Latin is heard (as) profound. Res ipsa loquitur. The matter is self-evident. [see above] Literally: The matter itself speaks. Veni. Vidi. Vici. I came. I saw. I conquered. Latin phrases that ought to be used Latin Phrase Abbrev. Literal English Translation Examples cave fatuum! (masc.) cave fatuam! (fem.) cave fatuos! (pl.) Beware of the fool(s)! Sign posted on the managers' restroom door : Cave fatuis! cave felem! Beware of the cat! Sign posted on lawn to ward off salespeople and proselytisers: Cave felem! caveat attemptor! Let the tryer beware! Sign posted by the very high diving board: Caveat attemptor! sacra bos Sac.b. holy cow Holy cow! Sac.b., Batman! This could only be the work of the Riddler! sacra forda Sac.For. holy pregnant cow HOLY COW! (more emphatic than "Sacra bos) Sac.For., Batman! We've been snared by the Riddler! Mail comments to Eric Conrad [email protected] Back to the Latin home page Back to my home page Last updated: May 22, 2008 POSITIVE DEGREE ADJECTIVES: (1st & 2nd Declension) Msingular improbNominativus us improbAccusativus um Genetivus M-plural improb-i Fsingular improb-a improbos improbimprob-i orum Dativus improb-o Ablativus improb-o F-plural improbae improbas improbarum N-singular N-plural improb-um improb-a improbimprob-um am improbimprob-i ae improbimprob-is improb-is improb-o ae improb-is improb-a improb-is improb-o improb-a improborum improb-is improb-is (3rd Declension) Third declension adjectives of two endings (by far the most common) appear thus: tristis, -e. M/Fsingular Nominativus trist-is Accusativus trist-em M/F-plural N-singular N-plural trist-es trist-e trist-es [or trist-e trist-ia trist-ia Genetivus Dativus Ablativus trist-is trist-i trist-i -is] trist-ium trist-ibus trist-ibus trist-is trist-i trist-i trist-ium trist-ibus trist-ibus Third declension adjectives of three endings appear thus: celer, -is, -e. The masculine and feminine differ only in the nominative singular. M/Fsingular celer; Nominativus celer-is Accusativus celer-em Genetivus Dativus Ablativus celer-is celer-i celer-i M/F-plural N-singular N-plural celer-es celer-es [or -is] celer-ium celer-ibus celer-ibus celer-e celer-ia celer-e celer-ia celer-is celer-i celer-i celer-ium celer-ibus celer-ibus Third declension adjectives of one ending appear thus: potens, -entis. Masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative singular are the same. These forms are derived from the present active participle. M/Fsingular Nominativus potens Accusativus potent-em M/F-plural N-singular N-plural potent-es potent-es potens potens potent-ia potent-ia Genetivus Dativus Ablativus potent-is potent-i potent-i potent-ium potent-is potent-ibus potent-i potent-ibus potent-i potent-ium potent-ibus potent-ibus Comparative Adjectives: (3rd declension) M/F singularis Nominativus improb-ior Accusativus Genetivus improb-iorem improb-ioris Dativus improb-ior-i Ablativus improb-iore M/F pluralis N singularis N pluralis improb-iores improb-iores improb-iorum improb-ioribus improb-ioribus improb-ius improb-ius improb-iora improb-iora improb-ior- improb-ioris um improb-iorimprob-ior-i ibus improb-ior- improb-iore ibus NOTA BENE: Comparative adjectives are consonant stem. Translate as "more X," "X-er," or "rather/too X." e.g. formosior; "more pretty," "prettier," or "rather/ too pretty." SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES: (1st & 2nd declension) Nominativus (singularis) Accusativus Genetivus Dativus Ablativus Masculine Feminine Neuter improb-issim-us improb-issim-a improb-issim-um improb-issim-um improb-issim-i improb-issim-o improb-issim-o improb-issim-am improb-issim-um improb-issim-ae improb-issim-i improb-issim-ae improb-issim-o improb-issim-a improb-issim-o Nominativus (pluralis) improb-issim-i Accusativus improb-issim-os improb-issimGenetivus orum Dativus improb-issim-is Ablativus improb-issim-is improb-issim-ae improb-issim-a improb-issim-as improb-issim-a improb-issimimprob-issimarum orum improb-issim-is improb-issim-is improb-issim-is improb-issim-is NOTA BENE: Translate as "the most X" or "the X-est." e.g. formosissimus; "the most pretty" or "the prettiest." Adjectives which end in [-er] in the nominative, singular, masculine have the superlative form with [-errim-] rather than [-issim-]. e.g pulch-er (positive), pulchr-ior (comparative), pulch-errim-us (superlative). nv gt Declinatie: Geslacht: NOM sg GEN sg DAT sg ACC sg ABL sg VOC sg NOM pl GEN pl DAT pl ACC pl ABL pl Betekenis: ADIECTIVA 1e / 2e - decl. M(asculinum)F(emininum) N(eutrum) bon us bon a bon um bon i bon ae bon i bon o bon ae bon o bon um bon am bon um bon o bon a bon o bon e bon i bon ae bon a bon orum bon arum bon orum bon is bon is bon is bon os bon as bon a bon is bon is bon is goed goed goed M of F fort is fort is fort i fort em fort i 3e decl. N fort e fort is fort i fort e fort i fort es fort ium fort ibus fort es fort ibus sterk, dapper fort ia fort ium fort ibus fort ia fort ibus sterk, dapper Bij de adiectiva van de 1e/2e declinatie horen ook de adiectiva als: pulcher,-chra, -chrum (= mooi) asper, - era, -erum (= ruw) Bij de adiectiva van de 3e declinatie horen ook: adiectiva van 3 uitgangen op -er, -eris: acer, acris, acre ( = hevig, fel) adiectiva van 1 uitgang (alle andere): felix ,-icis(= gelukkig) adiectiva met abl. sg. op -e: vetus (= oud), dives ,-vitis(= rijk) en pauper , -eris(=arm) het ppa: bv. vocans ,-ntis; (let op: abl. sg. op -e !) Er zijn ook enkele adiectiva met een gen. sg. op -ius en een dat. sg. op -i ! unus (= één), solus (= alleen), totus (= geheel), ullus (= enig, één enkele), nullus (= geen enkele), uter? (= wie van beide?), uterque (= elk van beide), neuter (= geen van beide), alter (de één, de ander [van twee]), alius ,gen: alterius (= [een] ander) Adiectiva (bijvoeglijke naamwoorden) worden gebruikt: bij substantiva (zelfstandige naamwoorden) en passen zich daaraan aan in geslacht, getal en naamval! als naamwoordelijk deel van het gezegde en passen zich aan aan het onderwerp in geslacht, getal en naamval! (soms) zelfstandig. Numerals (Numeralia) The circumflex accent ( ˆ ) is used to denote the length of the vowels. Arabic Cardinal Ordinal Distributive Num. Adverbs Roman 1. unus, una, unum primus, 3 singuli, ae, a semel I. 2. duo, duae, duo secundus, 3 alter, era, erum bini, ae, a bis II. 3. tres, tria tertius, 3 terni (trini), ae, a ter III. 4. quattuor quartus, 3 quaterni, ae, a quarter IV. 5. quinque quintus, 3 quini, ae, a quinquies V. 6. sex sextus, 3 seni, ae, a sexies VI. 7. septem septimus, 3 septeni, ae, a septies VII. 8. octo octâvus, 3 octoni, ae, a octies VIII. 9. novem nonus, 3 noveni, ae, a novies IX. 10. decem decimus, 3 deni, ae, a decies X. 11. undecim undecim, 3 undeni, ae, a undecies XI. 12. duodecim duodecimus, 3 duodeni, ae, a duodecies XII. 13. tredecim tertius decimus terni deni ter decies XIII. 14. quattuordecim quartus decimus quaterni deni quater decies XIV. 15. quindecim quintus decimus quini deni quinquies decies XV. 16. sedecim sextus decimus seni deni sexies decies XVI. 17. septendecim septimus decimus septeni deni septies decies XVII. 18. duodeviginti duodevicesimus, 3 duodeviceni, ae, a duodevicies XVIII. 19. undeviginti undevicesimus, 3 undeviceni, ae, a undevicies XIX. 20. viginti vicesimus, 3 viceni, ae, a vicies XX. unus et vicesimus vicesimus primus viceni singuli singuli et viceni vicies semel semel et vicies XXI. 28. duodetriginta duodetricesimus, 3 duodetriceni, ae, a duodetricies XXVIII. 29. undetriginta undetricesimus, 3 undetriceni, ae, a undetricies XXIX. 30. triginta tricesimus, 3 triceni, ae, a tricies XXX. 40. quadraginta quadragesimus, 3 quadrageni, ae, a quadragies XL. 50. quinquaginta quinquagesimus, 3 quinquageni, ae, a quinquagies L. 21. viginti unus unus et viginti 60. sexaginta sexagesimus, 3 sexageni, ae, a sexagies LX. 70. septuaginta septuagesimus, 3 septuageni, ae, a septuagies LXX. 80. octoginta octogesimus, 3 octogeni, ae, a octogies LXXX. 90. nonaginta nonagesimus, 3 nonageni, ae, a nonagies XC. 100. centum centesimus, 3 centeni, ae, a centies C. 200. ducenti, ae, a ducentesimus, 3 duceni, ae, a ducenties CC. 300. tricenti, ae, a tricentesimus, 3 treceni, ae, a trecenties CCC. 400. quadringenti, ae, a quadrigentesimus, 3 quadringeni, ae, a quadringenties CD. 500. quingenti, ae, a quingentesimus, 3 quingeni, ae, a quingenties D. 600. sesgenti, ae, a sescentesimus, 3 sesceni, ae, a sescenties DC. 700. septingenti, ae, a septingentesimus, 3 septingeni, ae, a septingenties DCC. 800. octingenti, ae, a octingentesimus, 3 octingeni, ae, a octingenties DCCC. 900. nongenti, ae, a nongentesimus, 3 nongeni, ae, a nongenties CM. 1000. mille millesimus, 3 singula milia milies M. 2000. duo milia bis millesimus, 3 bina milia bis milies MM. 3000. tria milia ter millesimus, 3 terna milia ter milies MMM. 10000. decem milia decies millesimus, 3 dena milia decies milies 21000. unum et viginti milia semel et vicies millesimus, 3 vicena singula milia semel et vicies milies centes millesimus, 3 centena milia centies milies decies centes millesimus, 3 decies centena milia decies centies milies 100000. centum milia 1000000. decies centena milia The ordinals are declined like adjectives of I-II declensions. The distributives are declined like adjectives of I-II declensions also, but in plural only. They are used to denote: 1. Equal numbers referring to each one of several objects, as in: Omnibus avibus duae sunt alae. All burds have two wings. 2. Quantity at nouns in plurals, as in: sena castra six camps or binae litterae two letters (epistles), but duo litterae two letters (=characters). The numeral adverbs are invariable words. By adding the morphological element -plex or -plus -fold, multiplied by... there can be derived adjectives from the numerals: simplex, simplicis / siimplus, 3 onefold, simple duplex, duplicis / duplus, 3 twofold, double, duple triplex, triplicis / triplus, 3 threefold, treble, triple quadruplex, quadruplicis / quadruplus, 3 fourfold, quadruple quintuplex, quintuplicis / quintuplus, 3 fivefold, quintuple sextuplex, sextuplicis / sextuplus, 3 sixfold, sextuple ... The forms on -plex are declined as the III declension adjectives with one form for all the genders. Declension of unus, duo, tres and milia: ... unus Case Nom. m unus duo f una n unum m tres f n duo duae duo mf tres milia n tria n milia Gen. unius duorum duarum duorum trium milium Dat. uni duobus duabus duobus tribus milibus Acc. unum unam unum duos duas duo Abl. uno una uno duobus duabus duobus tres Next Topic Previous Topic Descriptive Latin Grammar Latin Language Main Page Orbis Latinus Main Page This page is part of Orbis Latinus © Zdravko Batzarov Verb (Verbum) The circumflex accent ( ˆ ) is used to denote the length of the vowels. tria tribus milia milibus Verb is a word that characteristically is the grammatical center of a predicate and expresses an act, occurrence, or mode of being. It was noted that the Latin thought in the classical period understood and faced the world actively, as it turns out, and this was reflected into the language by a relatively rich varieties of verbal modifications. General Notions Finite and Non-Finite Verbal Forms Persons (Personae) Tenses (Tempora) Moods (Modi) Voices (Genera) Verba infinita Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Conjugations (Conjugationes) Verbal Endings Conjunctive Vowels Finite and Non-Finite Verbal Forms The Latin grammarians have divided the verbal forms into two classes: 1. Verba finita, or personally defined verbal forms, and 2. Verba infinita, or personally undefined verbal forms. Back to the Top Persons (Personae) Latin has three persons: First person referring to the speaker or writer of the utterance Second person referring to the person or thing addressed in the utterance Third person referring to one that is neither the speaker or writer of the utterance. Unlike in English, the persons in Latin were indicated by specific verbal endings, the personal pronouns being attached to the verbs to express emphasis only. Back to the Top Tenses (Tempora) Tense is a distinction of form in a verb to express distinctions of time or duration of the action or state it denotes. There are six tenses in Latin, traditionally divided into two groups: I. Main tenses 1. The Present tense (Praesens) denotes a state or action in the very moment of the utterance; 2. The Future tense (Futurum) denotes a state or action that will take place very soon; 3. The Future Perfect tense (Futurum secundum or Futurum exactum) denotes a future state or action that will precede another future state or action. I. Past (or historical) tenses 1. The Imperfect tense (Imperfectum) denotes a past state or action that is taking place with another past state or action; 2. The Perfect tense (Perfectum) denotes a state or action that has taken place before the time of the utterance; 3. The Pluperfect tense (Plusquamperfectum) denotes a state or action that had happened in the remote past or had preceded another past state or action. Back to the Top Moods (Modi) Mood is a distinction of verb to express whether the action or state it denotes is conceived as fact command, possibility, or wish. There are three moods in Latin: 1. The Indicative (Indicatiivus) represents the denoted act or state as an objective fact. 2. The Imperative (Imperativus) expresses the will to influence the behavior of another. 3. The Subjunctive (Conjunctivus or Subjunctivus) represents a denoted act or state not as fact but as contingent or possible or viewed emotionally (as with doubt or desire). It is used mainly in subordinite clauses. When used in main clauses, it expresses a slight command, insistence or invitation. Back to the Top Voices (Genera) The voice indicates the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses. There are two voices in Latin: 1. The Active voice (Activum) asserts that the person or thing represented by the grammatical subject performs the action represented by the verb: Pater amat filiam suam. The father loves his daughter. 2. The Passive voice (Passivum) asserts that the grammatical subject of a verb is subjected to or affected by the action represented by that verb: Pater amatur a filia sua. The father is loved by his daughter. The Passive voice has sometimes reflexive meaning. A special class is formed by the so called deponent verbs (verba deponentia) that have passive forms only, but with active meaning: Imperator miilites hortatur. The general is encouraging the soldiers. Back to the Top Verba infinita Verba infinita are non-personal verbal forms that are not conjugated. There are four such forms in Latin: 1. The Infinitive (Infinitivus) performs some functions of a noun and at the same time displays some characteristics of a verb like tense (present, future and perfect) and voice and may have an object. 2. The Participle (Participium) is a word having the characteristics of both adjective and verb. Like the infinitive, the Latin participles has distinction of tense (present, future and perfect) and voice and may have an object. On the other hand, it is declined like an adjective. 3. The Gerund (Gerundium) is a verbal noun that expresses generalized or uncompleted action. It is a neuter verbal noun of II declensiion, used in Singular only, without Nominative form. 4. The Supine (Supinum) is a verbal noun of IV declension used in Accusative of purpose (-um) and in Ablative of specification (–u). Back to the Top Transitive and Intransitive Verbs The transitive verbs are those that may take a direct object. Only they may be used in Passive voice. The intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object and limit the effect of the action to the Subject itself. In the passive voice they are used impersonally in 3 p. sg. only, cf.: curro I run and curritur it is run. Back to the Top Conjugations (Conjugationes) The Latin verbs have usually three stems: present, perfect and participial. According to the endings of the present stems the grammarians have classified the verbs into four classes (conjugations): First conjugation – the stem is ended by a long –â (it is called a-conjugation): amâ|re to love; the present stem is amâ-. Second conjugation – the stem is ended by a long –ê (it is called e-conjugation): monê|re to advise; the present stem is monê-. Third conjugation – the stem is ended by a consonant or consonantic u (=[w]) (it is called consonantic conjugation): leg|ere to read, statu|ere to set up (the vowel –e- before the –re ending is short); the present stems are leg- and statu-. Fourth conjugation – the stem is ended by a long –i (it is called i-conjugation): audî|re to hear; the present stem is audî-. The conjugation are most easily recognizable in the present infinitive form of the verbs. Note that according to the accentuation rules the present infinitives of the I, II and IV conj. are stressed on the punultimate, while those of the III conj. – on the antepenultimate. Back to the Top Verbal Endings The Latin tenses are formed from the relevant stems plus specific temporal characteristics and the personal verbal endings. These endings are identical for all tenses of Indicative and Subjunctive, except for the Perfect Indicative. Active Passive Perfect Indicative Imperative Present Future Sg. 1. 2. 3. -o, -m -s -t -or, -r -ris -tur -i -isti -it -= pres. stem -- --to -to Pl. 1. 2. 3. -mus -tis -nt -mur -mini -ntur -imus -istis -êrunt --te -- --tôte -nto Back to the Top Conjunctive Vowels When the verbal stem is ended by a consonant or –u (=[w]), there are inserted conjunctive vowels between the stem and the temporal characteristic or personal ending that follow it. The conjunctive vowels are always short and they are as follows: -e- before –r leg|e|re to read -i- before –m, –s, –t leg|i|mus we read, leg|i|s thou read, leg|i|t he / she reads -u- before –nt leg|u|nt they read, leg|u|ntur they are read Next Topic Previous Topic Descriptive Latin Grammar Latin Language Main Page Orbis Latinus Main Page This page is part of Orbis Latinus © Zdravko Batzarov