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LATIN DECLINATION TABLES
In Latin, there are five declinations. For knowing the declination of a noun, we have to see the nominative and genitive.
1st declination: the form is a-ae. E.g.:fabula, fabulae.
2nd declination: the form is us-i. E.g.:populus, populi
3rd declination: here we have:
nouns with pair sylabals, nouns with impair sylabals, false pair sylabals, and false impair sylabals.
The false of pair sylabals are only seven, all have something to do with the family.
The false of impair sylabals are the one that have impair sylabals, but before the ending of the declination
there is there are two consonants. The false pair sylabals and the impair sylabals are declinated in the same
way. And the false impair sylabals and the pair sylabals are declinated in the same way.
This declination has the genitive in is.
4th declination: the form is us-us. E.g.:aditus, aditus
5th declination: the form has i in the genitive. E.g.: dies, diei.
If you look a world in a Latin dictionary, the nominative and genitive of the word will be provided.
1st DECLINATION
NOMINATIVO
SINGULAR
fabula
PLURAL
fabulae
VOCATIVO
fabula
fabulae
ACUSATIVO
fabulam
fabulas
fabulae
fabularum
DATIVO
fabula
fabulis
ABLATIVO
fabula
fabulis
GENITIVO
2nd DECLINATION
M/F
NOMINATIVO
SINGULAR
populus
PLURAL
populi
VOCATIVO
popule
populi
NEUTRALS
SINGULAR
PLURAL
augurium
auguria
augurium
auguria
populum
populos
augurium
auguria
populi
populorum
augurii
auguriorum
DATIVO
populo
populis
augurio
auguriis
ABLATIVO
populo
populis
augurio
auguriis
ACUSATIVO
GENITIVO
3rd DECLINATION
IMPAIR SYLABALS
M/F
SINGULAR PLURAL
FALSE PAIR
SYLABALS
NEUTRALS
M/F
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
NOMINATIVO
homo
homines
nomen
nomina
pater
patres
VOCATIVO
homo
homines
nomen
nomina
pater
patres
homines
nomen
nomina
patrem
patres
hominis
hominum
nominis
nominum
patris
patrum
DATIVO
homini
hominibus
nomini
nominibus
patri
patribus
ABLATIVO
homine
hominibus
nomine
nominibus
patre
patribus
ACUSATIVO hominem
GENITIVO
3rd DECLINATION
PAIR SYLABALS
M/F
NEUTRALS
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
hostes
mare
maria
NOMINATIVO hostis
FALSE IMPAIR
SYLABALS
M/F
SINGULAR PLURAL
gens
gentes
VOCATIVO
hostis
hostes
mare
maria
gens
gentes
ACUSATIVO
hostem
hostes
mare
maria
gentem
gentes
hostis
hostium
maris
marium
gentis
gentium
DATIVO
hosti
hostibus
mari
maribus
genti
gentibus
ABLATIVO
hoste
hostibus
mari
maribus
gente
gentibus
GENITIVO
4th DECLINATION
NOMINATIVO
SINGULAR
aditus
VOCATIVO
aditus
M/F
PLURAL
aditus
aditus
NEUTRALS
SINGULAR PLURAL
cornu
cornua
cornu
cornua
aditum
aditus
cornu
cornua
aditus
adituum
cornus
cornuum
DATIVO
aditui
aditibus
cornui
cornibus
ABLATIVO
aditu
aditibus
cornu
cornibus
ACUSATIVO
GENITIVO
5TH DECLINATION
NOMINATIVO
SINGULAR
dies
PLURAL
dies
VOCATIVO
dies
dies
ACUSATIVO
diem
dies
diei
dierum
DATIVO
diei
diebus
ABLATIVO
die
diebus
GENITIVO
Noun Declension Paradigms
Basic endings in the various declensions
Singular
Case
1 f.
2 m.
2 n.
3 mf 3 n.
4 m.
4 n.
5 f.
Nominative -a
-us
-um
-us
-u
-es
Genitive
-ae
-i
-i
-is
-is
-us
-us
-ei
Dative
-ae
-o
-o
-i
-i
-ui
-u
-ei
Accusative
-am
-um
-um
-em
-um
-u
-em
Ablative
-a
-o
-o
-e
-u
-e
Locative
-ae
-i
-i
-i, -e -i, -e -i
?
?
Vocative
-a
-e
-um
-us
-u
-es
Case
1 f.
2 m.
2 n.
3 mf 3 n.
4 m.
4 n.
5 f.
Nom/Voc
-ae
-i
-a
-es
-a
-us
-ua
-es
Genitive
-arum -orum -orum -um
-um
-uum
-uum -erum
-e, -i -u
Plural
Dat/Abl/Loc -is
-is
-is
-ibus -ibus -ibus, -ubus -ibus -ebus
Accusative
-os
-a
-es
-as
-a
-us
-ua
-es
Technical Disclaimers on the Locative Case
The listed sources are inconsistent on how the locative is formed, so the above table might not agree with your textbook. There is agreement
among my textbooks that in the first and second declension, the locative singular is identical with the genitive form, and that in plurals it is
always the same as the dative-ablative form. Where they differ is in the locative forms for the singulars of the third, fourth and fifth declension.
(It probably never occurs in the fifth declension!) For third declension singular, some say that it may take either the dative or the ablative form,
while others say it takes the dative form. (Most of the examples they give seem to be the same as the dative in form.) For fourth declension
singular, one says the dative forms are used, but the only actual example seems to be the fourth declension word domus whose locative is domi.
But domus affords other problems since it was moving from fourth to second declension in classical times, and this form is consistent with its
second declension paradigm.
Principal parts of nouns
The principal parts of a noun are its nominative and genitive singular forms, for example:
matella, matellae. nf. chamber pot.
From the genitive ending -ae, the noun matella is identified as a first declension noun. Dropping the genitive ending gives the base matell- to
which endings are added.
Some nouns have plural forms only. For these nouns, the principal parts are the nominative and genitive plural forms. For example:
castra, castrorum. nn. camp.
Again the genitive identifies the declension, in this case second declension, as well as the base castr- to which endings are added.
Basic usages of the various cases

Nominative: Subject of a sentence, predicate nominatives
The boat is anchored to the shore.
When the silly clowns visit Rome, the emperor's sense of humor is a surprising sight to behold.
Venus, your new hairdo is a pathetic mess.

Genitive: Possession or attachment. The genitive case was disappearing from colloquial Latin (the Latin of everyday speech, usually
called Vulgar Latin) and was often replaced by the preposition de followed by the ablative case.
When the silly clowns visit Rome, the emperor's sense of humor is a surprising sight to behold.

Dative: Indirect object. Like the genitive case, the dative case was also disappearing from colloquial Latin. The preposition ad followed
by the accusative case was sometimes used as a substitute in colloquial Latin.
The silly clowns sometimes give the emperor a hard time.
The silly clowns sometimes give a hard time to the emperor.

Accusative: Direct object, object of prepositions of motion towards
When the silly clowns visit Rome, the emperor's sense of humor is a surprising sight to behold.
The silly clowns sometimes give the emperor a hard time.
The hen-pecked emperor is travelling to Rome by boat.

Ablative: Means (instrument), object of prepositions of position and of motion away
The boat is anchored to the shore.
The hen-pecked emperor is travelling to Rome by boat.

Locative: Location or position. In Latin, this case is a remnant of the old Indo-European Locative case. It is used primarily with place
names and a handful of nouns denoting classes of places like domus (home). For most purposes it has been superseded by the use of the
prepositions in or ad followed by the ablative case.
We bake our own cookies at home.
The emperor lives in Rome.
If the fountain of Tivoli isn't in Copenhagen, then maybe it was moved to Belgium.

Vocative: Personal address
Venus, your new hairdo is a pathetic mess.
Yo dude! Get a haircut!
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Last updated: Wed Jun 21 20:39:35 EDT 2006
Latin First Declension Nouns
Basic paradigm
matella, matellae. nf., chamber pot.
Case
Singular
Plural
Rough translation
Nominative matella
matellae
the chamber pot(s)
Genitive
matellae
matellarum of the chamber pot(s)
Dative
matellae
matellis
Accusative
matellam matellas
the chamber pot(s)
Ablative
matella
matellis
by means of the chamber pot(s)
Locative
matellae
matellis
at/in the chamber pot(s) (obsolete)
Vocative
matella
matellae
O Chamber Pot(s)! (rare)
to the chamber pot(s)
Irregularities
The Dative/Ablative/Locative plurals for dea and filia are deabus and filiabus, respectively.
First declension nouns of Greek origin have a mix of Greek first declension and Latin first and and fifth declension inflections. (In short, they get
hopelessly slaughtered. Some examples appear below.)
Some first declension nouns
1. feminine nouns
o barba, -ae. nf., beard.
o betula, -ae. nf., birch tree.
o braccae, -arum. nf. pl., pants, trousers, breetches.
o bruma, -ae. nf., winter, winter solstice.
o clepsydra, -ae. nf., water clock.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
casa, -ae. nf., cottage, hut. pl. barracks.
causa, -ae. nf., cause, reason.
dea, -ae. nf., goddess.
fama, -ae. nf., report.
femina, -ae. nf., woman.
fenestra, -ae. nf., window.
filia, -ae. nf., daughter.
formula, -ae. nf., nice shape, beauty, (math.) formula, equation, identity.
fortuna, -ae. nf., fortune, luck.
fossa, -ae. nf., ditch.
fuga, -ae. nf., flight.
gloria, -ae. nf., fame, glory.
hora, -ae. nf., hour.
ira, -ae. nf., anger, wrath.
lingua, -ae. nf., tongue, language.
matella, -ae. nf., chamber pot.
poena, -ae. nf., punishment.
puella, -ae. nf., girl.
spelunca, -ae. nf., cave.
tuba, -ae. nf., trumpet.
2. feminine abstract nouns ending in -ia
o amicitia, -ae. nf., friendship. (from amicus, -a, -um. adj. friendly.)
o audacia, -ae. nf., boldness. (from auda, audacis. adj. bold.)
o elegantia, -ae. nf., elegance, refinement. (from elegans, -antis. adj. elegant, refined.)
o copia, -ae. nf., supply. (from cops, copis. adj. bold.)
o gratia, -ae. nf., favor. (from gratus, -a, -um. adj. pleasant, agreeable, thankful.)
o iniuria, -ae. nf., wrong, injustice. (from iniurus, -a, -um. adj. wrong, unjust.)
o inopia, -ae. nf., lack. (from inops, inopis. adj. poor, destitute.)
o prudentia, -ae. nf., discretion. (from prudens, prudentis. adj. aware, experienced, discreet.)
o scientia, -ae. nf., knowledge. (from sciens, scientis. participial adj., aware, cognizant.)
3. feminine abstract nouns denoting fields of study
o alchimia, -ae. nf., alchemy. (Practitioner: alchemista, -ae. nm., alchemist.) [Medieval? From Greek via Arabic?]
o chemia, -ae. nf., chemistry. (Practioner: peritus chemiae, periti chemiae, [or chemista, -ae?]. nm., chemist.)
o mathematica, -ae. nf., mathematics. (Practitioner: mathematicus, -i. nm., mathematician.)
o medicina, -ae. nf., medicine. (Related to medicus, -i. nm., doctor, physician.) medicinam exercêre. to practice medicine.
o physicae, -arum. nf. pl., physics. (Related to physicus, -i. nm., physicist.)
4. Greek scientific and mathematical vocabulary
Those in this list are common enough typically to appear with standard Latin inflections. The Greek accusative ending -an will
sometimes be used in place of Latin -am.
o theoria, -ae. nf., (sci.) theory.
5. masculine nouns
o agricola, -ae. nm., farmer.
o incola, -ae. nm., inhabitant.
o nauta, -ae. nm., sailor.
o pirata, -ae. nm., pirate.
o poeta, -ae. nm., poet.
more first declension masculine nouns
6. Greek first declension nouns
As mentioned before, these are a mess. This class includes proper Greek names and Greek loan words.
Aeneas
Case
Anchises Aphrodite Athens
m. sing. m. sing.
f. sing.
f. pl.
Nominative Aene-as Anchises Aphrodite Athenae
Genitive
-ae
-ae
-es
-arum;
Dative
-ae
-ae
-ae
-is
Accusative
-an, -am -en, -am
-en
-as
Ablative
-a
-a, -e
-e
-is
Locative
(-ae)
(-ae)
(-e)
-is
Proper Nouns
o
o
o
o
o
o
Aeneas, -ae. nm. Aeneas.
Anchises, -ae. nm. Anchises.
Aphrodite, -es. nf. Aphrodite.
Athenae, -arum. nf. pl. Athens.
Circe, -es. nf. Circe.
Penelope, -es. nf. Penelope.
Greek Loan Words
o
o
o
o
cerastes, -ae. nm. horned snake.
dioecetes, -ae. nm. revenue official, treasurer.
geometres, -ae. nm. geometer, mathematician.
xiphias, -ae. nm. swordfish.
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Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
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Last update: Thursday, February 25, 2010.
Latin Second Declension Nouns
There are several major classes of nouns in this declension. Each of the following is considered in turn:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Masculine and (a few) feminine nouns ending in -us
Masculine and (a few) feminine nouns ending in -ius
Strong nouns ending in -er or -ir
Weak nouns ending in -er
Neuter nouns ending in -um
Neuter nouns ending in -ium
Masculine and feminine nouns ending in -us
Basic paradigm
somnus, somni. nm., sleep.
Case
Singular Plural
Nominative somnus
somni
Genitive
somnorum
somni
Dative
somno
somnis
Accusative
somnum somnos
Ablative
somno
somnis
Locative
somni
somnis
Vocative
somne
somni
Some examples
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
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amicus, -i. nm., friend.
animus, -i. nm., mind, spirit.
campus, -i. nm., plain, field.
caseus, -i. nm., cheese.
cervus, -i. nm., deer.
cibus, -i. nm., food.
deus, -i. nm., god.
domus, -us (-i). nf., house, home. (irreg.: Usually fourth declension, but sometimes it is declined as a second declension noun.)
equus, -i. nm., horse.
fagus, -i. nf., beech tree.
fraxinus, -i. nf., ash tree.
locus, -i. nm., place.
modus, -i. nm., manner, means.
mundus, -i. nm., world.
oculus, -i. nm., eye.
pinus, -i. nf., pine tree.
servus, -i. nm., servant.
sinus, -i. nm., large drinking cup, stein. (Not to be confused with sinus, -us. nm. indentation, curve.)


somnus, -i. nm., sleep.
ventus, -i. nm., wind.
Occupational nouns ending in -icus



mathematicus, -i. nm., mathematician.
medicinus, -i. nm., doctor, physician.
physicus, -i. nm., physicist.
Masculine and feminine nouns ending in -ius
Basic paradigm
gladius, gladi. nm., sword.
Case
Singular Plural
Nominative gladius
gladii
Genitive
gladi
gladiorum
Dative
gladio
gladiis
Accusative
gladium gladios
Ablative
gladio
gladiis
Locative
gladi
gladiis
Vocative
gladi
gladii
In the genitive and locative singular, the ending -ii is contracted to -i. In the vocative singular, the ending -ie is also contracted to -i.
Some examples



filius, fili. nm., son.
gladius, gladi. nm., sword.
socius, soci. nm., ally.
Strong nouns ending in -er or -ir
Basic paradigm
vesper, vesperi. nm., evening.
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative vesper
vesperi
Genitive
vesperi
vesperorum
Dative
vespero
vesperis
Accusative
vesperum vesperos
Ablative
vespero
vesperis
Locative
vesperi
vesperis
Vocative
vesper
vesperi
The vocative singular takes the form of the nominative. For all but nominative and vocative singular, endings are added to the base or
nominative singular form.
Some examples






adulter, -i. nm., adulterer.
miser, -i. nm., wretch, (figurative slang) poor boy.
puer, -i. nm., boy.
socer, -i. nm., father-in-law.
vesper, -i. nm., evening. (Also sometimes third declension: vesper, vesperis.)
vir, -i. nm., man.
Weak nouns ending in -er
Basic paradigm
cancer, cancri. nm., crab.
Case
Singular Plural
Nominative cancer
cancri
Genitive
cancri
cancrorum
Dative
cancro
cancris
Accusative
cancrum cancros
Ablative
cancro
cancris
Locative
cancri
cancris
Vocative
cancer
cancri
The vocative singular takes the form of the nominative. For all but nominative and vocative singular, endings are added to the base.
Some examples




ag-er, -ri. nm., field.
canc-er, -ri. nm., crab.
lib-er, -ri. nm., book.
magist-er, -ri. nm., teacher.
Neuter nouns ending in -um
Basic paradigm
pabulum, pabuli. nn., fodder.
Case
Singular Plural
Nominative pabulum pabula
Genitive
pabuli
pabulorum
Dative
pabulo
pabulis
Accusative
pabulum pabula
Ablative
pabulo
pabulis
Locative
pabuli
pabulis
Vocative
pabulum pabula
Some examples
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

adiectivum, -i. nn., adjective.
arithmetica, -orum. nn. pl., arithmetic.
bellum, -i. nn., war.
castrum, -i. nn., fort. pl., camp.
chemicum, -i. nm., chemical.
crustulum, -i. nn., cookie.
hiberna, -orum. n. pl., winter quarters.
oppidum, -i. nn., (fortified) town, city.
pabulum, -i. nn., fodder.
quadratum, -i. nn., square.
simulacrum, -i. nn., image.
triangulum, -i. nn., triangle.
venenum, -i. nn., poison.
verbum, -i. nn., verb.
Neuter abstract nouns ending in -mentum



impedimentum, -i. nn., hindrance.
medicamentum, -i. nn., drug, medicine. Modo medicamentis negate. Just say no to drugs. Modo medicamentis assentite. Just say yes to
drugs.
tormentum, -i. nn., anguish, torment.
Neuter nouns ending in -ium
Basic paradigm
adverbium, adverbi. nn., adverb.
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative adverbium adverbia
Genitive
adverbi
adverbiorum
Dative
adverbio
adverbiis
Accusative
adverbium adverbia
Ablative
adverbio
adverbiis
Locative
adverbi
adverbiis
Vocative
adverbium adverbia
In the genitive and locative singular, the ending -ii is contracted to -i.
Some examples



adverbium, adverbi. nn., adverb.
convivium, convivi. nn., banquet.
labia, labiorum. nn. pl., lips.
Neuter abstract nouns ending in -ium


augerium, augeri. nn., augery, interpretation of omens.
concilium, concili. nn., assembly.




hospitium, hospiti. nn., hospitality.
magisterium, magisteri. nn., governance, presidency, political control.
sacrificium, sacrifici. nn., sacrifice.
servitium, serviti. nn., slavery.
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Last updated: Monday, March 15, 2010.
Latin Third Declension Nouns
These are divided into several classes:
1. Consonantal stems
1. masculine and feminine
2. neuter
2. i-stems
1. masculine and feminine
2. neuter
Consonantal stems
Basic paradigm
rex, regis. nm., king.
opus, operis. nn., work.
rex
Case
Singular
opus
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nominative rex
reges
opus
opera
Genitive
regis
regum
operis
operum
Dative
regi
regibus
operi
operibus
Accusative
regem
reges
opus
opera
Ablative
rege
regibus
opere
operibus
Locative
regi, rege regibus
operi, opere operibus
Vocative
rex
opus
reges
opera
Some examples
1. Masculine and feminine
o anser, anseris. nm., goose.
o canis (or rarely: canes), canis. nm., 1. dog, hound, mutt. 2. subordinate. 3. Sirius, Alpha Canis Majoris, the Dog Star (i.e. the
brightest star in the night sky, known also as "the Dog Star" because it is the brightest star in the constellation Canis Major [= the
Big Dog]).
o cervix, cervicis. nf., neck.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
custos, custodis. nm., guard.
feles (or rarely: felis), felis. nf., cat, mouser, marten, ferret, polecat, tomcat. (Note: English cat, French chat and Italian gatto
come from an unrelated second declension noun: catus, -i. nm., 1. wildcat, male cat. 2. catfish. 3. a kind of siege engine.)
frater, fratris. nm., brother.
leo, leonis. nm., lion.
mater, matris. nf., mother.
miles, militis. nm., soldier.
mulier, mulieris. nf., woman.
nemo, neminis. nm. or nf. or pronoun, nobody, no one, inconsequential person.
iuglans, iuglandis. nf., walnut.
fons, fontis. nm., spring, fountain, origin, source.
mons, montis. nm., mountain.
nox, noctis. nf., night. loc. noctu, by night.
ops, opis. nf., power, help.
pars, partis. nf., part, share.
pater, patris. nm., father.
plebs (or pleps), plebis. nf., commoners, plebeians, common people, masses, (in George Orwell's 1984) plebs. (Also there is a preAugustan fifth declension form plebes, plebei.)
radix, radicis. nf., root, foot of a mountain, foundation, origin. (math.) root.
rex, regis. nm., king.
soror, sororis. nf., sister.
uxor, uxoris. nf., wife.
vigil, vigilis. nm., fireman.
Feminine abstract nouns ending in -io(n)
These are formed from perfect passive participles:
<participle stem> + -io
For example:
verb
incanto (1). vt. (to) enchant, cast a spell (on).
(from canto (1). vt. (to) sing, recite.)
passive participle incantatus
participle stem
incantat- + -io
+ ending
abstract noun incantatio. nf. incantation, spell, enchantment.
This was commonly used for word creation in scientific Latin, and I believe it is still in common use in contemporary ecclesiastical Latin.
Some English neologisms also make use of this form of creation, not always consistently, e.g., verbification (modelled after clarification [from medieval
Latin clarifico (1) from Latin clarus + facio, facere, feci, factus] and glorification [from medieval Latin glorifico (1) from Latin gloria + facio, facere, feci,
factus]). Verbification can refer to new word creation in a language, or t can refer to a process of constructing verbs from nouns (for example, "to book a
suspect".)
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
aequatio, -ionis. nf., (math.) equation, identity. (from aequo (1). vt. make equal, match.)
declaratio, -ionis. nf., statement. (from declaro (1). vt., clarify.)
evolutio, -ionis. nf., unrolling a scroll, reading, (sci.) development, (math.) expansion (e.g. into series or products). (from evolvo, vêre -vi, -utus. vt., unroll, unfold, spread, expand.)
fluctuatio, -ionis. nf., wavering, fluctuation. (from fluctuo (1). vt. waver, fluctuate.)
fractio, -ionis. nf., (math.) fraction. (from frango, -ere, fregi, fractus. vt. smash, shatter, break.)
functio, -ionis. nf., performance, (math) function. (from fungor, fungi, functus sum. vi. perform.)
occasio, -ionis. nf., occasion, opportunity.
incantatio, -ionis. nf., spell, enchantment. (from incantatus, pp. of incanto (1). vt., enchant, cast a spell on.)
oratio, orationis. nf., speech, language, expression. (from oratus, pp. of oro (1). vt., beg for, plead.)
Masculine nouns of agency ending in -or, -oris
These are formed from perfect passive participles:
<participle stem> + -or
o
o
o
o
doctor, -oris, nm., teacher. (from doceo (2ui), vt. teach.)
gladiator, -oris, nm., gladiator. (from gladius, nm. sword.)
imperator, -oris, nm., general, commander, emperor. (from impero (1), vt. order, command.)
monitor, -oris, nm., advisor. (from moneo (2), vt. warn, advise.)
o
vector, -oris, nm., rider, passenger. (from veho, vehere, vexi, vectus (3), vt. carry, transport. The modern mathematical term
vector is from the Latin word. There is also a related Latin verb vecto (1), also transitive, and very similar in meaning -- its past
participle vectatus clearly does not give the stem for vector.)
Feminine abstract nouns ending in -tas, -tatis
These are formed from adjectives:
<root> + -(i)tas
o
o
o
o
o
aequalitas, -tatis. nf., equality. (from aequal, adj., equal. from aequus, adj., level, even.)
fraternitas, -tatis. nf., brotherhood. (from fraternus, adj., brotherly. from frater. nm., brother.)
libertas, -tatis. nf., freedom. (from liber. adj., freedom.)
maiestas, -tatis. nf., majesty.
maioritas, -tatis. nf., majority. (from maior. adj., larger, more important.)
Feminine abstract nouns ending in -tudo(n)
These are formed from adjectives:
<root> + -(i)tudo
o
o
magnitudo, magnitudinis. nf., size, importance, extent. (from magnus. adj., large, important.)
multitudo, multitudinis. nf., great number, crowd, mob, rabble. (from multus. adj., much, many, large, tedious.)
1. Neuter
o
o
o
o
o
o
caput, capitis. nn., head.
cor, cordis. nn., heart.
genus, generis. nn., gender.
iter, itineris. nn., road.
lemma, lemmatis. nn. (Greek), theme, matter or subject for consideration. Math: a subsidiary theorem used primarily to prove a
main result, lemma.
opus, operis. nn., work.
o
theorema, theorematis. nn. (Greek), proposition to be proved, theorem.
Neuter nouns ending in -men, -minis
(These don't appear to have any common means of formation, but appearances are often deceiving. If you know details of how these are formed, please
share your knowledge with me.)
o
o
o
o
o
crimen, -minis. nn., accusation, charge, guilt, crime. (source [not cause!] of English crime, criminal.)
flumen, -minis. nn., flow, river, stream. (probably related to fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluctus. flow, emanate, proceed from.)
limen, -minis. nn., threshold, doorway, border. (source of English subliminal, eliminate.)
nomen, -minis. nn., name, noun.
 pronomen, -minis. nn., pronoun.
stamen, -minis. nn., thread.
i-stem
These differ from other third declension nouns in that they take the ending -ium in the genitive plural. They may sometimes also take the endings
-im, -i, -îs instead of the endings -em, -e, -es in the accusative singular, ablative singular, and the accusative plural, respectively.
Basic paradigm
hostis, hostis. nm., enemy.
animal, animalis. nn., animal.
hostis
Case
Singular
animal
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nominative hostis
hostes, hostis
animal
animalia
Genitive
hostium
animalis
animalium
hostis
Dative
hosti
Accusative
hostibus
animali
animalibus
hostem, hostim hostes, hostis
animal
animalia
Ablative
hoste, hosti
hostibus
animale, animali animalibus
Locative
hosti, hoste
hostibus
animali, animale animalibus
Vocative
hostis
hostes, hostis
animal
animalia
Some examples



animal, animalis. nn., animal.
hostis, hostis. nm., enemy.
mare, maris. nn., sea.
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Last updated: Friday September 17, 2010
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Latin Fourth Declension Nouns
There are two major classes of nouns in this declension, the masculine/feminine and the neuter classes. This declension was declining in use,
with a number of masculine and feminine nouns moving to the second declension.
1. Masculine and feminine fourth declension nouns
Basic paradigm
manus, manus. nf., hand.
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative manus
manus
Genitive
manus
manuum
Dative
manui, manu manibus, (manubus)
Accusative
manum
manus
Ablative
manu
manibus, (manubus)
Locative
mani
manibus, (manubus)
Vocative
manus
manus
The -ubus endings in the dative, ablative and locative plurals are used for acus, arcus, quercus, tribus, and usually for lacus and portus.
The -ibus ending is used for most other fourth declension nouns.
Some examples
o
o
o
acus, -us. nf., needle.
aestus, -us. nm., heat.
anus, -us. nf., crone, hag, old woman. (Not to be unintentionally confused with anus, -i which means something entirely
different.)
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
arcus, -us. nm., bow.
artus, -us. nm., joint, limb.
cantus, -us. nm., song.
condus, -us. nm., shopkeeper.
cultus, -us. nm., civilization.
domus, -us (-i). nf., house, home. (Usually declension 4, but sometimes declension 2.)
exercitus, -us. nm., army.
fructus, -us. nm., enjoyment, profit, fruit produce.
gradus, -us. nm., step, pace.
Idus, -uum. nf. pl., Ides. (as in ``Beware the Ides of March!'')
lacus, -us. nm., lake.
magistratus, -us. nm., magistrate.
manus, -us. nf., hand.
metus, -us. nf., fear, dread.
porticus, -us. nf., colonnade.
portus, -us. nm., harbor.
quercus, -us. nf., oak.
senatus, -us. nm., senate.
sexus, -us. nm., sex, gender.
sinus, -us. nm., indentation, fold, curve, (math.) sine. (This noun should not be confused with sinus, -i which refers to a large
drinking cup.)
 cosinus, -us. nm., (math.) cosine.
tonsus, -us. nm., haircut.
tribus, -us. nf., tribe.
Borrowed words of dubious origin and usage
When Latin borrows nouns, say from Greek, or perhaps through a time warp from English, these nouns may have somewhat
creative declensions. Humez and Humez give the following:
o
bozo, bozus. nm., clown.
By the way, both Webster's New World Dictionary and the American Heritage Dictionary indicate that the English slang word
``bozo'' is of obscure origin. (In short, Humez and Humez were probably being very creative!)
Masculine abstract nouns (Supines)
These are are all verbal nouns called supines. Generally in Latin, the supine is restricted to accusative and ablative fourth
declension forms. A few supines exist in other cases as well. In the nominative, these take the form of the perfect passive
participle, but they are present active in meaning.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
adventus, -us. nm., approach, arrival. (from advenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. arrive.)
casus, -us. nm., chance, case, falling. (from cado, -ere, cecidi, casurus. fall.)
census, -us. nm., census. (from censeo, -êre, -ui, -us. expect, tax, register.)
coitus, -us. nm., sexual intercourse. (from coeo, -ire, -ii, -iturus. (irreg.) meet, mate.)
cruciatus, -us. nm., torture. (from crucio (1). torture.)
flatus, -us. nm., wind. (from flo (1). blow.)
fletus, -us. nm., weeping. (from fleo, flêre, flexi, fletus. weep.)
fremitus, -us. nm., (loud) grumbling, muttering. (from fremo, -ere, -ui, -itus.. complain loudly about.)
motus, -us. nm., motion. (from moveo, -êre, movi, motus.. move.)
prospectus, -us. nm., view, prospect. (from prospicio, -spicere, spexi, -spectus. contemplate.)
reditus, -us. nm., return. (from redeo, redire, redi(v)i, rediturus. return.)
sensus, -us. nm., sensation, feeling. (from sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus. sense, perceive.)
sonitus, -us. nm., sound, noise, din. (from sono, sonare, sonui, sonitus. sound.)
spiritus, -us. nm., breath, soul, enthusiasm. (from an older form of spiro (1). breathe.)
2. Neuter fourth declension nouns
Basic paradigm
cornu, cornus. nn., horn.
Case
Singular Plural
Nominative cornu
cornua
Genitive
cornus
cornuum
Dative
cornu
cornibus
Accusative
cornu
cornua
Ablative
cornu
cornibus
Locative
?
cornibus
Vocative
cornu
cornua
Some examples
o
o
cornu, -us. nn., horn.
genu, -us. nn., knee.
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Last updated: Monday, February 22, 2010.
Latin Fifth Declension Nouns
Basic paradigms
res, rei. nf., thing.
dies, diei (die). m. or f., day.
Case
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative res
res
dies
Genitive
rei
rerum diei, die dierum
Dative
rei
rebus diei, die diebus
Accusative
rem
res
Ablative
re
rebus die
diebus
Locative
?
rebus ?
diebus
Vocative
res
res
dies
diem
dies
dies
dies
Some fifth declension nouns







dies, diei (die). m. or f., day.
o meridies, -diei (-die). nm., midday.
effigies, effigiei. nf., effigy, likeness, statue.
fides, fidei. nf., faith.
res, rei. nf., thing.
plebes, plebei. nf., commoners. (Later in third declension plebs, plebis. [q.v.])
spes, spei. nf., hope.
species, speciei (specie). nf., appearance.
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Last updated: Mon May 12 11:37:52 EDT 2008
Latin Fifth Declension Nouns
Basic paradigms
res, rei. nf., thing.
dies, diei (die). m. or f., day.
Case
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative res
res
dies
Genitive
rei
rerum diei, die dierum
Dative
rei
rebus diei, die diebus
Accusative
rem
res
Ablative
re
rebus die
diebus
Locative
?
rebus ?
diebus
Vocative
res
res
dies
diem
dies
Some fifth declension nouns

dies, diei (die). m. or f., day.
dies
dies






o meridies, -diei (-die). nm., midday.
effigies, effigiei. nf., effigy, likeness, statue.
fides, fidei. nf., faith.
res, rei. nf., thing.
plebes, plebei. nf., commoners. (Later in third declension plebs, plebis. [q.v.])
spes, spei. nf., hope.
species, speciei (specie). nf., appearance.
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Latin Reflexive Pronouns
Basic paradigm
Person
Number Case
1
2
Singular
myself
yourself (þyself) himself, herself, itself
Genitive
mei
tui
sui
Dative
mihi
tibi
sibi
te
se, sese
Accusative me
3
Ablative
Plural
me
te
se, sese
ourselves yourselves
themselves
Genitive
nostri
vestri
sui
Dative
nobis
vobis
sibi
Accusative nos
vos
se, sese
Ablative
vobis
se, sese
nobis
When used with cum
The preposition cum is attached as an enclitic to the reflexive pronouns (mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum).
Direct usage
When used in the main clause, the reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the main clause.
Indirect usage
When used in a subordinate clause, the reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the main clause. When followed by the appropriate form of
ipse, the reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the subordinate clause in question. (This differs from normal English usage!)


Claudia baked some cookies for Julia whenever Eleanor ordered some from her (se = Claudia).
Claudia baked some cookies for Julia whenever Eleanor ordered some from herself (se ipsa = Eleanor).
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Last updated: Monday, 15 September, 1997. with a Minor correction: Fri May 19 20:26:25 EDT 2006
Latin Demonstrative Pronouns
The demonstratives hic, ille and iste
These are used both as pronouns which act as slightly emphatic versions of the English third person personal pronouns and as adjectives
corresponding roughly to English this and that. Frequently in later Latin, and occasionally in Classical Latin, they also function as a definite
article.
1. hic, haec, hoc. dem. adj. this. pnn. he (emph.), this.
Singular
Masc.
Plural
Fem. Neut.
Masc. Fem.
Neut.
Nom. hic
haec
hi
haec
Gen.
huius
huius huius
horum harum horum
Dat.
huic
huic
huic
his
his
his
Acc.
hunc
hanc hoc
hos
has
haec
Abl.
hoc
hac
his
his
his
hoc
hoc
hae
The demonstrative pronoun hic, haec, hoc is declined like a first and second declension adjective with the following peculiarities:
o
In all singular forms and in the neuter plural nominative-accusative form, an epideictic particle -c is added to the case ending.
When this particle follows an m, the m changes to an n. (In particular, humc, hamc become hunc, hanc.)
o
o
The nominative, genitive, and dative singular forms take irregular endings.
The nominative-accusative form of the neuter plural takes the ending -ae(c) instead of the usual -a.
2. ille, illa, illud. dem. adj. that. pnn., he (emph.), that.
Singular
Masc.
Plural
Fem. Neut.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom. ille
illa
illi
illae
illa
Gen.
illius
illius illius
illorum illarum illorum
Dat.
illi
illi
illis
illis
illis
Acc.
illum
illam illud
illos
illas
illa
Abl.
illo
illa
illis
illis
illis
illud
illi
illo
These are the antecedents of the French definite articles le, la.
The demonstrative pronoun ille, illa, illud is declined like a first and second declension adjective except for irregularities in the
nominative, genitive and dative singular.
3. iste, ista, istud. dem. adj. that [indicating contempt or anger.] pnn. he(emph.).
Singular
Masc.
Plural
Fem. Neut.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom. iste
ista
isti
istae
ista
Gen.
istius
istius istius
istorum istarum istorum
Dat.
isti
isti
istis
istis
istis
Acc.
istum
istam istud
istos
istas
ista
Abl.
isto
ista
istis
istis
istis
istud
isti
isto
The demonstrative pronoun iste, ista, istud is declined like ille, illa, illud.
The demonstrative idem
idem, eadem, idem. dem. adj./pnn. the same.
Singular
Masc.
Nom. idem
Plural
Fem.
Neut.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
eadem
idem
eidem
eaedem
eadem
Gen.
eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem
eorundem earundem eorundem
Dat.
eidem
eisdem
eidem
eidem
eisdem
eisdem
Acc.
eundem
eandem idem
eosdem
easdem
eadem
Abl.
eodem
eadem
eisdem
eisdem
eisdem
eodem
The suffix -dem is indeclinable. These are declined like is, ea, id, the third personal pronouns. Some of the endings shift before the suffix, in
particular -md- becomes -nd-.
The emphatic pronoun ipse
ipse, -a, -um. emph., oneself.
The emphatic pronoun ipse is declined like ille.
It's meaning is not reflexive, but emphatic. The following examples highlight the difference:


reflexive: Mary bought groceries for herself.
emphatic: Mary herself bought groceries.
The heteroclite endings
The ending -ius in the genitive singular and the ending -i in the dative singular are called heteroclite endings. They also appear as endings for a
handful of first and second declension adjectives which are sometimes also used as pronouns. These adjectives include:







alius, -a, -ud. adj., other. (gen. sing.=alterius).
alter, -era, -erum. adj., the other.
nullus, -a, -um. adj., no, none.
solus, -a, -um. adj., alone, sole.
totus, -a, -um. adj., whole, entire.
ullus, -a, -um. adj., any.
unus, -a, -um. adj., one.
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Last updated: Monday, 15 September, 1997.
Latin Verb Conjugation Paradigms
In the first part of these notes, rough translations are given for various forms of the first conjugation transitive verb amare (to love). The reader is
assumed to know the grammatical notions of person and number, so in most cases, we only work with first person singular. Subtleties of usage
will be ignored, at least for the time being. Caveat emptor!
In the second part of these notes, general rules are given for verb conjugation. These are rough in that there are some changes of vowels and
vowel lengths that are completely ignored in this section.
Principal parts for amare, to love, to like
amo, amare, amavi, amatus. I love, to love, I (have) loved, loved.
Some verbs are impersonal, i.e., they only exist in the third person singular. (Example: miseret, miserere, miseruit, miseritum. It is a pity, to be a
pity, it was a pity, having been a pity.)
Some verbs are intransitive, i.e., they do not take direct objects. The fourth principal part of these verbs is either the neuter form of the perfect
passive participle for verbs intransitive verbs which take an indirect object in the dative case, or the future active participle for other intransitive
verbs. (Examples: asto, astare, asteti, astatum I assist, to assist, I assisted, assisted. sum, esse, fui, futurus. I am, to be, I was, about to be.)
Intransitive verbs which take indirect objects may have impersonal passive voice forms which are occasionally tricky to translate.
Some verbs are deponent which means that they are passive in form but active in meaning. (Example: misereor, misereri, miseritus sum. I pity,
to pity, I pitied.)
Infinitives
The Modern English tense system does not quite correspond with the Latin tense system, particularly in certain uses of the perfect tenses. But the
following translations usually make a good first attempt.
Present Active: amare to love, to be loving
Perfect Active: amavisse to have loved
Future Active: amaturus esse to be about to love, to be going to be loving
Present Passive: amari to be loved
Perfect Passive: amatus esse to have been loved
Future Passive: amatum iri to be about to be loved, to be going to be loved, to be loved
Participles
Present Active: amans loving
Future Active: amaturus about to love
Perfect Passive: amatus loved, having been loved
Future Passive: amandus to be loved
Indicative Mood
Present Active: amo I love, I do love, I am loving
Imperfect Active: amabam I loved, I did love, I was loving, I used to love
Future Active: amabo I shall love, I am going to love, I am about to love
Perfect Active: amavi I loved, I have loved
Pluperfect Active: amaveram I had loved
Future Perfect Active: amavero I shall have loved
The key distinction between the imperfect and the perfect in Latin is not the same as that between the past tense and present perfect in English.
(English usage here is idiomatic among the Indo-European languages.) In Latin as in many Indo-European languages, the perfect tense conveys
a completed action (e.g. “I sang Tom Dooley yesterday.”) The imperfect tense conveys continuation or repetition or habitual action (e.g. “We
practiced Tom Dooley for three weeks”.)
Note: perfect < perfectus (adj) complete, finished. past participle of perficio, -ficere - to complete.
Present Passive: amor I am loved, I am being loved
Imperfect Passive: amabar I was loved, I was being loved, I used to be loved
Future Passive: amabor I shall be loved, I am going to be loved, I am about to be loved
Perfect Passive: amatus sum I was loved, I have been loved
Pluperfect Passive: amatus eram I had been loved
Future Perfect Passive: amatus ero I shall have been loved
Subjunctive Mood
In a number of circumstances, the Latin subjunctive corresponds to special usages of the Modern English indicative. However, for other uses, the
following suggestions may better fit the meaning.
Present Active: amem I may love, let me love, I should love, I would love
Imperfect Active: amarem I might love, I would love
Perfect Active: amaverim I may have loved, I should have loved, I would have loved
Pluperfect Tense amavissem I might have loved, I would have loved
Present Passive: amer I may be loved, let me be loved, I should be loved, I would be loved
Imperfect Passive: amarer I might be loved, I would be loved
Perfect passive subjunctive: amatus sim I may have been loved, I should have been loved, I would have been loved
Pluperfect passive subjunctive: amatus essem I might have been loved, I would have been loved
Imperative Mood
Active Voice
Present Active: ama, amate (second person) Love!
Future Active: amato, amatote (second person) amato, amanto (third person)
Present Passive: amare, amamini (second person) Be loved!
Future Passive: amator (second person singular) amator, amantor (third person)
Gerund and Supine
Gerund: amandum loving (used as a noun)
Supine amatum to love
Approximate conjugation patterns for regular verbs
This section is intend mainly as a guide to the similarities among the different conjugations. Where things tend to get more complicated is in
vowel lengthenings (ignored completely in written Latin anyway) and changes before certain endings, especially the first person singular and the
third person plural.
Stems
The base, the present stem, perfect stem, and the participial stem may be determined from the principal parts, as given by the following
examples.
Conjugation I celo, celare, celavi, celatus hide
Conjugation II habeo, habere, habui, habitus have
Conjugation III rego, regere, rexi, rectus rule
Conjugation III-io capio, capere, cepi, captus take
Conjugation III-Ø fero, ferre, tuli, latus carry, bear
Conjugation IV audio, audire, audivi, auditus hear
ferre is usually classed as an irregular verb. While it is unusual in form, it seems perfectly regular to me. (It was so regular, in fact, that I was
able to produce the conjugation paradigm page for ferre from the conjugation paradigm page for capere using very simple global replace
strings.)
The base and the stems are formed from these examples are as follows:
I
II
III
III-io III-Ø IV
base
cel-
hab-
reg-
cap-
fer-
aud-
infinitive - ending
present stem
cela-
habe- rege- cape- fer-
audi-
infinitive - -re
perfect stem
celav- habu- rex-
cep-
tul-
participial stem celat- habit- rect- capt- lat-
audiv- perfect - -i
audit- participle - -us
Endings
Present Active
Sing. Plur.
Imperfect
Perfect
Sing. Plur.
Passive
Sing. Plur.
Sing. Plur.
1 -o
-mus
1 -m
-mus
1 -i
-imus
1 -r
-mur
2 -s
-tis
2 -s
-tis
2 -isti
-istis
2 -ris
-mini
3 -t
-nt
3 -t
-nt
3 -it
-erunt
3 -tur
-ntur
When attaching endings to the stem, the stem vowel will sometimes undergo a strengthening or a weakening. This results in some irregularities
— especially in the third conjugation.
Indicative


Active voice:
o Present: Present stem + present endings
o Imperfect: Present stem + -ba- + imperfect endings
o Future:
I,II: Present stem + -bi- + present endings
III,IV: Present stem + -e- + past endings
o Perfect: Perfect stem + perfect endings
o Pluperfect: Perfect stem + -era- + past endings
o Future perfect: Perfect stem + -eri- + present endings
Passive voice:
o Present: Present stem + passive endings
o Imperfect: Present stem + -ba- + passive endings
o Future:
I,II: Present stem + -bi- + passive endings
III,IV: Present stem + -e- + passive endings
o Perfect: Perfect passive participle + sum
o Pluperfect: Perfect passive participle + eram
o Future perfect: Perfect passive participle + ero
Subjunctive
The subjunctive stem is obtained from the base as follows:
I
II
III
III-io
III-Ø
IV
Base + e Base + ea Base + a Base + ia Base + a Base + ia


Active voice:
o Present: Subjunctive stem + past endings
o Imperfect: Present infinitive + past endings
o Perfect: Perfect stem + -eri- + past endings
o Pluperfect: Perfect stem + -isse- + past endings
Passive voice:
o Present: Subjunctive stem + passive endings
o Imperfect: Present infinitive + passive endings
o Perfect: Perfect passive participle + sim
o Pluperfect: Perfect passive participle + essem
Because we don't mark vowels, the future indicative and the present subjunctive for the third conjugation look pretty much the same. They differ
in the length of vowels, but you don't see that distinction in written texts. According to Latino pro populo the similarity is not accidental.
The future perfect indicative and the past subjunctive also often look the same when vowels are not marked.
Imperative


Present Active: Present stem + {Ø, -te}
Present Passive: Present stem + {-re, -mini}
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Last updated: Thu Sep 13 17:00:09 EDT 2007
Latin First Conjugation Paradigm
Principal parts for celare, to hide, to conceal
celo, celare, celavi, celatus.
Infinitives
Active Voice
Present Perfect
Future
celare
celaturus esse
Passive Voice celari
celavisse
celatus esse celatum iri
Participles
Present Perfect Future
Active Voice
celans
Passive Voice -----
-----
celaturus
celatus celandus
Indicative Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 celo
celamus
1 celabam celabamus
1 celabo
celabimus
2 celas
celatis
2 celabas celabatis
2 celabis celabitis
3 celat
celant
3 celabat celabant
3 celabit
celabunt
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 celavi
Singular
celavimus
Future Perfect Tense
Plural
Singular Plural
1 celaveram celaveramus
1 celavero celaverimus
2 celavisti celavistis
2 celaveras celaveratis
2 celaveris celaveritis
3 celavit
3 celaverat celaverant
3 celaverit celaverint
celaverunt
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 celor
celamur
1 celabar
celabamur
1 celabor celabimur
2 celaris
celamini
2 celabaris celabamini
2 celaberis celabimini
3 celatur celantur
3 celabatur celabantur
3 celabitur celabuntur
The perfect passives of celare are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse.
Perfect passive: celatus sum
Pluperfect passive: celatus eram
Future perfect passive: celatus ero
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 celem
celemus
1 celarem celaremus
2 celes
celetis
2 celares celaretis
3 celet
celent
3 celaret
Perfect Tense
celarent
Pluperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular
Plural
1 celaverim celaverimus
1 celavissem celavissemus
2 celaveris celaveritis
2 celavisses celavissetis
3 celaverit celaverint
3 celavisset celavissent
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 celer
celemur
1 celarer
celaremur
2 celeris
celemini
2 celareris celaremini
3 celetur celentur
3 celaretur celarentur
The perfect passive subjunctives of celare are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse.
Perfect passive subjunctive: celatus sim
Pluperfect passive subjunctive: celatus essem
The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Imperative Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Future Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
2 cela
celate
2 celato
celatote
3 -----
-----
3 celato
celanto
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Future Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
2 celare
celamini
2 celator -----
3 -----
-----
3 celator celantor
Gerund and Supine
Genitive Dative
Gerund celandi
Supine
-----
Accusative Ablative
celando celandum
celando
-----
celatu
celatum
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Last updated: Wed Aug 27 19:29:06 EDT 1997
Examples of First Conjugation Verbs
The four principal parts of almost all first conjugation verbs can be obtained from the stem of first person present indicative form by adding the
endings -o, -a, -avi, and -atus. Rather than write out all four principal parts, I mark the regular verbs as (1). For example, the entry:
ambulo (1). vt. traverse, travel. vi. walk.
is short for the entry:
ambul-o, -are, -avi, -atus. (transitive verb) traverse, travel. (intransitive verb) walk.
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addigito (1). vt. (late Latin) to point [something] out
aequo (1). vt. make level, match, (math) make equal.
ambulo (1). vt. traverse, travel. vi. walk.
o ambulo (1). vi. walk beside.
o debulo (1). vi. take a walk.
amo (1). vt. love, like.
o adamo (1). vt. fall in love with.
celo (1). vt. hide, conceal.
o concelo (1). vt. hide, conceal.
clamo (1). vt. shout.
o acclamo (1). vt. hail, acclaim. vi. shout.
o conclamo (1). vt. shout, yell.
o declamo (1). vt. recite. vi. declaim.
o exclamo (1). vt. shout, yell, exclaim.
o proclamo (1). vt. proclaim, yell out.
o reclamo (1). vt. protest. vi. shout objections.
claro (1). vt. clarify, explain.
o acclaro (1). vt. clarify.
o declaro (1). vt. make clear, make evident, disclose, declare.
crucio (1). vt. torture.
cogito (1). vt. think, ponder, consider.
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o excogito (1). vt. think up, contrive.
corono (1). vt. crown.
damno (1). vt. condemn, sentence.
dono (1). vt. give, present, reward.
dubito (1). vt. doubt. vi. hesitate.
o addubito (1). vt. call into doubt. vi. begin to doubt.
flo (1). vt. blow.
habito(1). vt. live, dwell.
hortor, hortari, hortatus sum. vi. encourage, cheer, incite, urge, exhort.
iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus. vt. help, assist, aid.
laboro (1). vt. work at, produce. vi. work.
o elaboro (1). vt. exert oneself at, work out, elaborate on.
loco (1). vt. place, put.
o colloco (1). vt. place, station (troops).
monstro (1). vt. show, point out, demonstrate.
o demonstro (1). vt. show, demonstrate.
muto (1). vt. change, exchange.
o commuto (1). vt. change, exchange.
o permuto (1). vt. completely change, transform.
neco (1). vt. kill.
nego (1). vt. deny. vi. refuse, say no to (+ dat.)
nuntio (1). vt. announce.
opto (1). vt. choose, desire, wish for.
o coöpto (1). vt. coöpt.
o adopto, (1). vt. adopt, select.
oro (1). vt. beg for. vi. beg.
o adoro (1). vt. adore, revere.
o exoro (1). vt. persuade.
paro (1). vt. prepare, provide, get, procure.
o praeparo (1). vt. get ready, prepare.

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porto (1). vt. carry.
o asporto (1). vt. carry off, remove.
o comporto (1). vt. accumulate, collect.
o deporto (1). vt. banish, carry down.
o reporto (1). vt. bring back, report.
o transporto (1). vt. transport.
pugno (1). vt. fight.
o expugno (1). vt. storm.
o oppugno (1). vt. attack.
o repugno (1). vt. fight back, resist.
sono, -are, -ui, -itus. vt. sound.
specto (1). vt. look at.
o Related to the third conjugation verb specio
o aspecto (1). vt. face, look forward (to).
o conspicor, conspicari, conspicatus sum. vt. catch sight of.
o ex(s)pecto (1). vt. look out for, await.
o respecto (1). vt. look back (on), respect.
o suspicor, suspicari, suspicatus sum. vt. suspect.
spiro (1). vt. breathe.
sto, stare, steti, staturus. vi. stand.
o absto, abstare, abstiti, abstaturus. vi. stand afar, stand aloof.
o asto, astare, astiti, astatum. vi. stand up, stand erect. vi. assist (+ dat.).
o circumsto, -stare, -steti, -status. vt. stand around, encircle, surround.
o insto, -stare, -stiti, -status. vt. pursue. vi. stand on, insist.
o obsto, -stare, -stiti, -statum. vt. hinder (+ dat.).
o Changing to third conjugation: sisto, -stere, -stiti, -status. vt. hinder.
vasto (1). vt. lay waste to, destroy.
voco (1). vt. call, invite.
o convoco (1). vt. summon, call together.
Irregular verb dare
The a in the infinitive is short, rather than long. Most of the conjugation is regular except for the length of the a in the present stem before some
of the endings. In addition, some forms have alternate irregular forms (e.g.: Third person plural present indicative dant or danunt.) Like stare,
some compounds of dare drift into third declension (e.g.: trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus. vt. handover, betray.)

do, dare, dedi, datus. irr. vt. give, grant, allow.
o circumdo, circumdare, circumdedi, circumdatus. irr. vt. surround.
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Last updated: Wednesday, May 14, 2008.
Latin Second Conjugation Paradigm
Principal parts for habere, to have, to hold, to possess
habeo, habere, habui, habitus.
Infinitives
Active Voice
Present Perfect
Future
habere
habiturus esse
Passive Voice haberi
habuisse
habitus esse habitum iri
Participles
Present Perfect Future
Active Voice
habens
Passive Voice -----
-----
habiturus
habitus habendus
Indicative Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 habeo
habemus
1 habebam habebamus
1 habebo habebimus
2 habes
habetis
2 habebas habebatis
2 habebis habebitis
3 habet
habent
3 habebat habebant
3 habebit habebunt
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 habui
habuimus
Singular
Plural
Singular Plural
1 habueram habueramus
1 habuero habuerimus
2 habuisti habuistis
2 habueras habueratis
2 habueris habueritis
3 habuit
3 habuerat habuerant
3 habuerit habuerint
habuerunt
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular
Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 habeor habemur
1 habebar
habebamur
1 habebor habebimur
2 haberis habemini
2 habebaris habebamini
2 habeberis habebimini
3 habetur habentur
3 habebatur habebantur
3 habebitur habebuntur
The perfect passives of habere are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse.
Perfect passive: habitus sum
Pluperfect passive: habitus eram
Future perfect passive: habitus ero
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 habeam habeamus
1 haberem haberemus
2 habeas habeatis
2 haberes haberetis
3 habeat
3 haberet haberent
habeant
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
Pluperfect Tense
Singular
Plural
1 habuerim habuerimus
1 habuissem habuissemus
2 habueris habueritis
2 habuisses habuissetis
3 habuerit habuerint
3 habuisset habuissent
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 habear
Singular Plural
habeamur
1 haberer
haberemur
2 habearis habeamini
2 habereris haberemini
3 habeatur habeantur
3 haberetur haberentur
The perfect passive subjunctives of habere are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse.
Perfect passive subjunctive: habitus sim
Pluperfect passive subjunctive: habitus essem
The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Imperative Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
2 habe
habete
2 habeto
habetote
3 -----
-----
3 habeto
habento
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Future Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
2 habere habemini
2 habetor -----
3 -----
3 habetor habentor
-----
Gerund and Supine
Genitive Dative
Accusative Ablative
Gerund habendi habendo habendum habendo
Supine
-----
-----
habitum
habitu
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Last updated: Wed Aug 27 20:22:03 EDT 1997
Examples of Second Conjugation Verbs
The second conjugation has some irregularities not found in the first conjugation. In particular, the four principal parts do not follow in a single
standard way from the first person present indicative form. However, some regular patterns occur. I have grouped this list according to the third
principal part or first person perfect indicative form.
Second conjugation -evi verbs
The endings of the principal parts are -eo, -ere, -evi, and -etus. Verbs that follow this pattern are marked (2evi) for short.
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
deleo (2evi). vt. destroy.
pleo (2evi). vt. fill.
o
o
o
o
expleo (2evi). vt. fill up, satisfy.
compleo (2evi). vt. fill up, supply.
impleo (2evi). vt. fill.
repleo (2evi). vt. refill, replenish.
Second conjugation -ui verbs
The endings of the principal parts are -eo, -ere, -ui, and -itus. I mark these verbs as (2ui) for short.
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appareo (2ui). vi. appear.
careo (2ui). vi. lack, be without (+ gen. or abl.). (Sometimes used impersonally.)
censeo, -ere, -ui, -us. vt. expect, assess, tax, register, propose.
exerceo (2ui). vt., keep busy, supervise, train, practice.
habeo (2ui). vt. have, hold, possess.
It is not surprising that the Latin verb habere (to have) and derivative words have a number of English descendents. Among them are:
o
o
o
o
o
habit [< habitus, -us (custom) a supine (=abstract noun, gerundive) form];
debit [< debitus < de(hi)beo],
exhibit, exhibition [< exhibitus < exhibeo],
inhibit, inhibition [< inhibitus < inhibeo],
prohibit, prohibition [< prohibitus < prohibeo],
English to have is unrelated despite its superficial similarity. The American Heritage Dictionary list the Proto-Indo-European root ghabh- for Latin habere and kapfor English to have.
o
o
adhibeo (2ui). vt. apply, cite.
cohibeo (2ui). vt. restrain, confine, repress.
In case you happen to be suspicious of the vowel change from habeo to cohibeo, note that the risquée English verb to cohabit comes instead from the stem
cohabit- of the first conjugation Latin verb cohabitare [< cum (with) + habitare (to live in, dwell)] and not from cohibit-, the stem of the fourth principal
part of cohibeo. Curiously habitare does come from the supine form habitus, so cohibeo is a great uncle of cohabitare.
o
o
o
o
o
o

debeo (2ui). vt. ought, owe. (contraction of dehibeo.)
exhibeo (2ui). vt. display, exhibit.
inhibeo (2ui). vt. restrain, control.
perhibeo (2ui). vt. assert.
praebeo (2ui). vt. offer, hold out. (contraction of praehibeo.)
prohibeo (2ui). vt. hinder, prevent.
liceor, liceri, licitus sum. vi. make an offer for, bid on.
licet, licere, licuit (licitum est). impers. it is permitted, one may. (A subject can be given in the dative, e.g., mihi licet, I may.

misereor, misereri, miseritus sum. vi. pity (+ gen.).
miseret, miserere, miseruit, miseritum. impers. be a pity.

moneo (2ui). vt. warn, remind.
o admoneo (2ui). vt. suggest.
The past participle admonitus yields English admonish and admonition.
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pareo (2ui). vi. obey.
pateo (2ui). vi. spread, extend, lie open.
placeo (2ui). vi. please (+ dat.).
taceo (2ui). vi. keep silent.
teneo, -ere, -ui, tentus. vt. hold, keep, posses.
o attineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tentus. vt. hold on to, reach for, attain.
o detineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tentus. vt. hold up, detain, occupy.
o obtineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tentus. vt. keep up, hold on to, persist.
o pertineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tenturus. vi. reach, extend, pertain.
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o retineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tentus. vt. hold back, restrain, retain.
terreo (2ui). vt. frighten, alarm, terrify.
o absterreo (2ui). vt. scare away.
o deterreo (2ui). vt. scare away.
o exterreo (2ui). vt. scare thoroughly.
o perterreo (2ui). vt. frighten.
timeo (2ui). vi. fear, be afraid (of).
Second conjugation -i verbs
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moveo, -ere, movi, motus. vt. move.
o removeo, -ere, removi, remotus. vt. move back, remove.
sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessurus intr, sit.
o insideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessurus. vi. sit on (+ dat.).
spondeo, -ere, spospondi, sponsus. vt. pledge, affirm, swear, vow.
o despondeo, -dere, -di, -sus. vt. pledge, affirm, swear.
o respondeo, -dere, -di, -sus. vt. answer.
video, -ere, vidi, visus. vt. see. passive seem, be seen.
o invideo, -ere, -vidi, -visus. vt. hate.
o provideo, -ere, -vidi, -visus. vt. foresee.
Other second conjugation verbs
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ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsus. vt. burn.
fleo, -ere, flexi, fletus. vt. weep.
maneo, -ere, mansi, mansus. vt. remain.
o remaneo, -ere, remansi, remansus. vt. remain.
English remain is a descendant.
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Latin Third Conjugation e-stem Paradigm
Principal parts for gerere, to conduct, manage
gero, gerere, gessi, gestus.
Infinitives
Active Voice
Present Perfect
Future
gerere
gesturus esse
Passive Voice geri
gessisse
gestus esse gestum iri
Participles
Present Perfect Future
Active Voice
gerens
Passive Voice -----
-----
gesturus
gestus
gerendus
Indicative Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 gero
gerimus
1 gerebam gerebamus
1 geram
geremus
2 geris
geritis
2 gerebas gerebatis
2 geres
geretis
3 gerit
gerunt
3 gerebat gerebant
3 geret
gerent
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 gessi
gessimus
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 gesseram gesseramus
1 gessero gesserimus
2 gessisti gessistis
2 gesseras gesseratis
2 gesseris gesseritis
3 gessit
3 gesserat gesserant
3 gesserit gesserint
gesserunt
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
1 geror
gerimur
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 gerebar
gerebamur
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 gerar
geremur
2 gereris gerimini
2 gerebaris gerebamini
2 gereris geremini
3 geritur geruntur
3 gerebatur gerebantur
3 geretur gerentur
The perfect passives of gerere are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse.
Perfect passive: gestus sum
Pluperfect passive: gestus eram
Future perfect passive: gestus ero
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 geram
geramus
1 gererem gereremus
2 geras
geratis
2 gereres gereretis
3 gerat
gerant
3 gereret gererent
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 gesserim gesserimus
1 gessissem gessissemus
2 gesseris gesseritis
2 gessisses gessissetis
3 gesserit gesserint
3 gessisset gessissent
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
1 gerar
geramur
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 gererer
gereremur
2 geraris geramini
2 gerereris gereremini
3 geratur gerantur
3 gereretur gererentur
The perfect passive subjunctives of gerere are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse.
Perfect passive subjunctive: gestus sim
Pluperfect passive subjunctive: gestus essem
The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Imperative Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Future Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
2 gere
gerite
2 gerito
geritote
3 -----
-----
3 gerito
gerunto
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Future Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
2 gerere
gerimini
2 geritor -----
3 -----
-----
3 geritor geruntor
Gerund and Supine
Genitive Dative
Gerund gerendi
Supine
-----
Accusative Ablative
gerendo gerendum
gerendo
-----
gestu
gestum
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Latin Third Conjugation i-stem Paradigm
Principal parts for iacere, to throw, hurl
iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus.
Infinitives
Active Voice
Present Perfect
Future
iacere
iacturus esse
Passive Voice iaceri
iecisse
iactus esse iactum iri
Participles
Present Perfect Future
Active Voice
iaciens
Passive Voice -----
-----
iacturus
iactus
iaciendus
Indicative Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Future Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 iacio
iacimus
1 iaciebam iaciebamus
1 iaciam
iaciemus
2 iacis
iacitis
2 iaciebas iaciebatis
2 iacies
iacietis
3 iacit
iaciunt
3 iaciebat iaciebant
3 iaciet
iacient
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 ieci
iecimus
1 ieceram ieceramus
1 iecero
iecerimus
2 iecisti
iecistis
2 ieceras ieceratis
2 ieceris
ieceritis
3 iecit
iecerunt
3 iecerat
3 iecerit
iecerint
iecerant
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular
Plural
iaciebamur
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 iacior
iacimur
1 iaciebar
1 iaciar
iaciemur
2 iaceris
iacimini
2 iaciebaris iaciebamini
2 iacieris iaciemini
3 iacitur
iaciuntur
3 iaciebatur iaciebantur
3 iacietur iacientur
The perfect passives of iacere are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse.
Perfect passive: iactus sum
Pluperfect passive: iactus eram
Future perfect passive: iactus ero
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 iaciam
iaciamus
1 iacerem iaceremus
2 iacias
iaciatis
2 iaceres iaceretis
3 iaciat
iaciant
3 iaceret
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
iacerent
Pluperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 iecerim iecerimus
1 iecissem iecissemus
2 ieceris
ieceritis
2 iecisses iecissetis
3 iecerit
iecerint
3 iecisset iecissent
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
1 iaciar
iaciamur
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 iacerer
iaceremur
2 iaciaris iaciamini
2 iacereris iaceremini
3 iaciatur iaciantur
3 iaceretur iacerentur
The perfect passive subjunctives of iacere are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse.
Perfect passive subjunctive: iactus sim
Pluperfect passive subjunctive: iactus essem
The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Imperative Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Future Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
2 iace
iacite
2 iacito
iacitote
3 -----
-----
3 iacito
iaciunto
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Future Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
2 iacere
iacimini
2 iacitor
-----
3 -----
-----
3 iacitor
iaciuntor
Gerund and Supine
Genitive Dative
Accusative Ablative
Gerund iaciendi iaciendo iaciendum iaciendo
Supine
-----
-----
iactum
iactu
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Last updated: Wed Aug 27 21:01:38 EDT 1997
Latin Third Conjugation Ø-stem Paradigm
Principal parts for ferre, to carry, bear
fero, ferre, tuli, latus.
Infinitives
Active Voice
Present Perfect
Future
ferre
laturus esse
Passive Voice ferri
tulisse
latus esse latum iri
Participles
Present Perfect Future
Active Voice
ferens
Passive Voice -----
-----
laturus
latus
ferendus
Indicative Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 fero
ferimus
1 ferebam ferebamus
1 feram
feremus
2 fers
fertis
2 ferebas ferebatis
2 feres
feretis
3 fert
ferunt
3 ferebat ferebant
3 feret
ferent
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 tuli
tulimus
1 tuleram tuleramus
1 tulero
tulerimus
2 tulisti
tulistis
2 tuleras tuleratis
2 tuleris
tuleritis
3 tulit
tulerunt
3 tulerat
3 tulerit
tulerint
tulerant
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 feror
ferimur
1 ferebar
2 ferris
ferimini
3 fertur
feruntur
ferebamur
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 ferar
feremur
2 ferebaris ferebamini
2 fereris
feremini
3 ferebatur ferebantur
3 feretur
ferentur
The perfect passives of ferre are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse.
Perfect passive: latus sum
Pluperfect passive: latus eram
Future perfect passive: latus ero
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 feram
feramus
1 ferrem
ferremus
2 feras
feratis
2 ferres
ferretis
3 ferat
ferant
3 ferret
ferrent
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
Pluperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 tulerim tulerimus
1 tulissem tulissemus
2 tuleris
tuleritis
2 tulisses tulissetis
3 tulerit
tulerint
3 tulisset tulissent
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 ferar
feramur
1 ferrer
ferremur
2 feraris
feramini
2 ferreris ferremini
3 feratur ferantur
3 ferretur ferrentur
The perfect passive subjunctives of ferre are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse.
Perfect passive subjunctive: latus sim
Pluperfect passive subjunctive: latus essem
The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Imperative Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Future Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
2 fer
ferte
2 ferto
fertote
3 -----
-----
3 ferto
ferunto
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Future Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
2 ferre
ferimini
2 fertor
-----
3 -----
-----
3 fertor
feruntor
Gerund and Supine
Genitive Dative
Gerund ferendi
Supine
-----
Accusative Ablative
ferendo ferendum
ferendo
-----
latu
latum
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Last updated: Wed Aug 27 21:15:14 EDT 1997
Examples of Third Conjugation Verbs
I have divided the third conjugation verbs into three major classes, namely the e-stems, the i-stems and the Ø-stems. The class of Ø-stems
consists of ferre and its common and is usually treated as an irregular verb. I don't really see any reason to do this -- at least it isn't any more
irregular than the average third conjugation verb (except maybe that its present, perfect and participle stems are so ridiculously different).
e-stems
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ago, -ere, egi, actus. vt. do, discuss, spend (time).
o cogo, -ere, -egi, -actus. vt. collect, compel.
cano, -ere, cecini, cantus. vt. sing (of).
cado, -ere, cecidi, casurus. vt. fall.
cedo, -ere, cessi, cessus. vt. grant, yield, submit to, go, proceed.
o accedo, -deri, -ssi, -ssus. vt. go to, approach.
o discedo, -deri, -ssi, -ssus. vt. go from, leave.
o excedo, -deri, -ssi, -ssus. vt. go from, leave.
o recedo, -deri, -ssi, -ssus. vt. go back to, return.
cresco, -ere, crevi, creturus. vi. grow, increase.
o decresco, -crescere, -crevi, -creturus. vi. decrease.
curro, -ere, cucurri, cursus. vt. run.
do, dare, dedi, datus. vt. give. (1st conjugation irregular).
o dedo, -dere, -didi, -ditus. vt. surrender.
o
o
o
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
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


perdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus. vt. destroy, lose, waste.
reddo, -dere, -didi, -ditus. vt. give back, return.
trado, -dere, -didi, -ditus. vt. hand over, betray.
duco, -ere, duxi, ductus. vt. lead, consider.
o deduco, -cere, -xi, -ctus. vt. deduce, deduct, subtract.
o reduco, -cere, -xi, -ctus. vt. revive, restore, withdraw.
eruo, -uere, -ui, -itus. vt. uproot, elicit, destroy.
figo, -gere, -xi, -xus (-ctus) vt. fix, attach. cruci figere crucify.
o praefigo, -gere, -xi, -xus (-ctus) vt. fix, fasten, prefix, impale.
frango, -ere, fregi, fractus. vt. break, shatter, smash.
fremo, -ere, ui, -itus. vt. grumble at, complain loudly about.
fungor, -i, functus sum. vi. perform.
gero, -ere, gessi, gestus. vt. conduct, manage. bellum gerere. wage war.
incolo, -ere, -ui. vi. inhabit.
induo, -ere, -ui, -utus. vt. cover, wrap, assume.
lego, -ere, lexi, lectus. vt. choose, select, read.
o intellego, -legere, -lexi, -lectus. vt. understand.
mitto, -ere, misi, missus. vt. send.
pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsus. vt. push, drive off.
o expello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus. vt. push out, drive out, expel.
o repello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus. vt. push back, drive back, repel.
peto, -ere, petivi, petitus. vt. seek, ask for.
pono, -ere, posui, positus. vt. put, place, set aside.
o appono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. serve (food), put near, put beside.
o compono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. put together, compose.
o depono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. deposit, lay aside, bring down.
o dispono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. arrange, decribe, dispose.
o expono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. explain, expose.
o impono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. place, deceive.
o interpono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. place between, interpose, intervene.
o
o
o
o
o
o









oppono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. oppose.
postpono, -nere, -sui, -s(i)tus. vt. put after.
praepono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. put ahead of, prefer.
propono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. propose, publish, display.
repono, -nere, -sui, -s(i)tus. vt. put back, replace, restore.
superpono, -nere, -sui, -s(i)tus. vt. place (something) upon (+ dative). (Classical physicists are fond of superposition
[superpositio, -ionis].)
posco, -ere, poposci. vi. beg, demand.
quaero, -rere, -sivi or -sii, -situs. vt. look for, search for, obtain.
rego, -ere, rexi, rectus. vt. set up, erect, raise.
o derigo, -ere, derexi, derectus. vt. set straight, direct.
o erigo, -ere, erexi, erectus. vt. govern, rule, guide.
o pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectus. vt. continue, proceed, go on with.
o surrigo, -ere, surrexi, surrectus. vt. raise, lift up.
repo, -ere, repsi. vi. creep, crawl.
o surrepo, -ere, surrepsi, surreptum. vt. creep under. vi. creep up, (with dative) creep up on.
scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptus. vt. write.
o inscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptus. vt. write on, inscribe.
o rescribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptus. vt. write back, rewrite.
sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus. vt. take, assume.
tego, -ere, texi, tectus. vt. cover, conceal.
o contego, -gere, -xi, -ctus. vt. shield, protect.
o detego, -gere, -xi, -ctus. vt. uncover, detect, expose.
o intego, -gere, -xi, -ctus. vt. cover up, protect.
o protego, -gere, -xi, -ctus. vt. protect.
vivo, -ere, vixi, victurus. vi. be alive, survive; (with ablative, or with de followed by ablative:) subsist on. vive. adv. in a lively manner.
volvo, -vere, -vi, -utus. vt. roll, turn about.
o evolvo, -vere, -vi, -utus. vt. unroll, unfold, spread, expand.
i-stems
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

capio, -ere, cepi, captus. vt. take, capture.
o accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. receive.
o excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. take out.
o incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. begin.
o recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. take back, receive.
o suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. undertake, begin.
facio, -ere, feci, factus. vt. make, do. For passive forms, use the irregular verb fio, fieri, factus sum, be made, become.
o afficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. affect.
o conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. complete, accomplish.
o inficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. stain, poison, corrupt.
o interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. consider, kill.
o perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. complete, finish.
o praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. place in charge.
o reficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. repair, renew.
o sufficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. suffice, afford.
fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitus. vt. flee, escape from. vi. flee, escape.
iacio, -ere, ieci, iactus. vt. throw, hurl.
o abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. throw down, weaken.
o conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. hurl, throw together, put together, conjecture.
o deicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. throw down.
o inicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. throw on, don, put on.
o proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. fling, abandon.
o subicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. subordinate, put down.
specio, -ere, spexi, spectus. vt. look at.
o aspicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. inspect, consider.
o despicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. look down upon, despise.
o inspicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. look into, examine.
o
o
o
prospicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. contemplate.
respicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. look back, consider, respect.
suspicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. esteem, look up to, suspect.
Ø-stems

fero, ferre, tuli, latus. vt. carry, bear.
o confero, -ferre, -tuli, collatus. vt. collect, confer.
o defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus. vt. carry away, hand over. nomen deferre. to accuse.
o infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. vi. carry in, place on, infer (+ dat.).
o praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus. vt. hurry past.
o refero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus. vt. bring back, refer, restore, repeat.
o transfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus. vt. convey, transfer.
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Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Thu Nov 8 11:07:15 EST 2007
Latin Fourth Conjugation Paradigm
Principal parts for scire, to know:
scio, scire, scivi, scitus.
Infinitives
Present Perfect
Future
Active Voice
scire
Passive Voice sciri
scivisse
sciturus esse
scitus esse scitum iri
Participles
Present Perfect Future
Active Voice
sciens
Passive Voice -----
-----
sciturus
scitus
sciendus
Indicative Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 scio
scimus
1 sciebam sciebamus
1 sciam
sciemus
2 scis
scitis
2 sciebas sciebatis
2 scies
scietis
3 scit
sciunt
3 sciebat sciebant
3 sciet
scient
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 scivi
scivimus
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 sciveram sciveramus
1 scivero sciverimus
2 scivisti scivistis
2 sciveras sciveratis
2 sciveris sciveritis
3 scivit
3 sciverat sciverant
3 sciverit sciverint
sciverunt
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 scior
scimur
1 sciebar
2 sciris
scimini
3 scitur
sciuntur
sciebamur
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 sciar
sciemur
2 sciebaris sciebamini
2 scieris
sciemini
3 sciebatur sciebantur
3 scietur
scientur
The perfect passives of scire are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse.
Perfect passive: scitus sum
Pluperfect passive: scitus eram
Future perfect passive: scitus ero
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 sciam
sciamus
1 scirem
sciremus
2 scias
sciatis
2 scires
sciretis
3 sciat
sciant
3 sciret
scirent
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 sciverim sciverimus
1 scivissem scivissemus
2 sciveris sciveritis
2 scivisses scivissetis
3 sciverit sciverint
3 scivisset scivissent
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 sciar
sciamur
1 scirer
sciremur
2 sciaris
sciamini
2 scireris sciremini
3 sciatur sciantur
3 sciretur scirentur
The perfect passive subjunctives of scire are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse.
Perfect passive subjunctive: scitus sim
Pluperfect passive subjunctive: scitus essem
The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Imperative Mood
Active Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
2 sci
scite
Future Tense
Singular Plural
2 scito
scitote
3 -----
-----
3 scito
sciunto
Passive Voice
Present Tense
Future Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
2 scire
scimini
2 scitor
-----
3 -----
-----
3 scitor
sciuntor
Gerund and Supine
Genitive Dative
Gerund sciendi
Supine
-----
Accusative Ablative
sciendo sciendum
sciendo
-----
scitu
scitum
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Last updated: Thu Jan 22 11:08:30 EST 1998. Typo correction: subjunctive `sciatis' was listed incorrectly as `scietis'. (Thanks to Marcella for
pointing me to it!)
Examples of Fourth Conjugation Verbs
The four principal parts of many fourth conjugation verbs can be obtained from the stem of fourth person present indicative form by adding the
endings -io, -ire, -ivi, and -itus. Rather than write out all four principal parts of such verbs, I mark these very regular verbs as (4). For example,
the entry:
scio (4). vt. know.
is short for the entry:
scio, scire, scivi, scitus. (transitive verb) know.

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aperio, aperire, aperui, apertus. vt. open.
audio (4). vt. hear, listen (to).
dormio (4). vi. sleep.
orior, -iri, ortus sum. vi. rise, appear, originate.
scio (4). vt. know.
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus. vt. sense, feel, perceive.
o assentio, -tire, -si, -sum. vi. assent to (+ dat.).
o assentior, -tiri, -sum sum. vt. assent to (+ dat.).
o consentio, -tire, -si, -sus. vt. agree, assent.
o dissentio, -tire, -si, -sus. vt. disagree, oppose.
o subsentio, -tire, -si, -sus. vt. notice secretly
venio, venire, veni, venturus. vi. come.
o advenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. arrive.
o convenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. meet, assemble.
o evenio, evenire, eveni, eventum. vi. result, happen, occur.
o invenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. discover, invent.
o intervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. delay. vi. come between, intervene, interrupt (+ dat.).
o pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. arrive, reach.
o praevenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. anticipate, come before.
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Last updated: Wed Sep 25 11:36:08 EDT 2002
Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (esse)
Principal parts for esse, to be
sum, esse, fui, (futurus).
Infinitives and Participles
Present Perfect Future
Infinitive esse
fuisse
futurus esse
Participle -----
-----
futurus
Indicative Mood
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 sum
sumus
1 eram
eramus
1 ero
erimus
2 es
estis
2 eras
eratis
2 eris
eritis
3 est
sunt
3 erat
erant
3 erit
erunt
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
Pluperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Future Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 fui
fuimus
1 fueram fueramus
1 fuero
fuerimus
2 fuisti
fuistis
2 fueras
fueratis
2 fueris
fueritis
3 fuit
fuerunt
3 fuerat
fuerant
3 fuerit
fuerint
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 sim
simus
1 essem
essemus
2 sis
sitis
2 esses
essetis
3 sit
sint
3 esset
essent
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 fuerim
fuerimus
1 fuissem fuissemus
2 fueris
fueritis
2 fuisses
fuissetis
3 fuerit
fuerint
3 fuisset
fuissent
For the past subjective, the following forms are also found: forem, fores, ...
Imperative Mood
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
2 es
este
2 esto
estote
3 -----
-----
3 esto
sunto
Compounds











absum. be absent.
adsum. be present.
desum. fail at (+ dat.ve).
insum. be in.
intersum. be among (+ dat.ve).
obsum. be against (+ dat.ve).
possum, posse, potui. be able, can. (from pot- + esse.)
praesum. be in charge of, preside over (+ dat.ve).
prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus. be useful for, be good for (+ dat.ve).
subsum. be near (+ dat.ve).
supersum. to survive (+ dat.ve).
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Last updated: Tue Aug 26 14:53:04 EDT 1997
Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (fieri)
Principal parts for fieri, to become, to be made
fio, fieri, factus sum.
In addition to its meaning "to become", this verb is also used as the passive of facio, facere (to make)
Infinitives and Participles
Present Perfect
Future
Infinitive fieri
factus esse
factum ire
Participle -----
factus, gen. euntis faciendus
Indicative Mood
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 fio
fimus
1 fiebam
fiebamus
1 fiam
fiemus
2 fis
fitis
2 fiebas
fiebatis
2 fies
fietis
3 fit
fiunt
3 fiebat
fiebant
3 fiet
fient
The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect forms are constructed from the perfect participle and the present, past or future tense of esse.
Perfect: factus sum
Pluperfect: factus eram
Future perfect: factus ero
Subjunctive Mood
Present Tense
Singular Plural
1 fiam
fiamus
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 fierem
fieremus
2 fias
fiatis
2 fieres
fieretis
3 fiat
fiant
3 fieret
fierent
The perfect and pluperfect forms are constructed from the perfect participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse.
Perfect: factus sim
Pluperfect: factus essem
Imperative Mood
Present Tense
Future Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
2 fi
fite
2 -----
-----
3 -----
-----
3 -----
-----
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Last updated: Wed Sep 1 11:03:25 EDT 2004
Thanks to Celia K for the corrections to the severely typo-ridden Future Active Indicative!
Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (ire)
Principal parts for ire, to go
eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum.
Although ire is intransitive, it does have impersonal passive forms.
Infinitives and Participles
Active Voice
Present
Perfect
Infinitive ire
Future
ivisse, isse iturus esse
Participle iens, gen. euntis -----
iturus
Passive Voice
Present Perfect
Future
Infinitive iri
itum esse -----
Participle -----
-----
eundum
Indicative Mood
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 eo
imus
1 ibam
ibamus
1 ibo
ibimus
2 is
itis
2 ibas
ibatis
2 ibis
ibitis
3 it
eunt
3 ibat
ibant
3 ibit
ibunt
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 ivi
ivimus
Pluperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 iveram iveramus
Future Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 ivero
iverimus
2 ivisti
ivistis
2 iveras
iveratis
2 iveris
iveritis
3 ivit
iverunt
3 iverat
iverant
3 iverit
iverint
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e.
The perfect, pluperfect and future perfect forms are sometimes contracted from iv- to i-.
Passive Voice (Impersonal)
Present: itur
Imperfect: ibatur
Future: ibitur
Perfect: itum est
Imperfect: itum erat
Future: itum erit
Subjunctive Mood
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 eam
eamus
1 irem
iremus
2 eas
eatis
2 ires
iretis
3 eat
eant
3 iret
irent
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
Pluperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 iverim
iverimus
1 ivissem ivissemus
2 iveris
iveritis
2 ivisses
ivissetis
3 iverit
iverint
3 ivisset
ivissent
The perfect, pluperfect and future perfect forms are sometimes contracted from iv- to i-.
Imperative Mood
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
2i
ite
2 ito
itote
3 -----
-----
3 ito
eunto
Gerund and Supine
Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative
Gerund eundi
Supine
-----
eundo eundum
eundo
-----
itu
itum
Compounds



abeo. vi. go away, leave.
adeo. vt. go toward, approach, attack, visit.
ambio. vt. go around, encircle.














circumeo. vt. go around, visit, cheat.
coeo. vi. meet, mate, copulate.
depereo. vt. be hopelessly in love with. vi. perish.
exeo. vt. ward off. vi. leave.
ineo. vt. enter.
intereo. vi. perish.
obeo. vt. travel to, review. vi. die, fade away.
pereo. vi. perish.
praeeo. vt. lead.
prodeo. vi. advance.
redeo. vi. return.
subeo. vt. approach.
transeo. vt. cross.
veneo. vi. be for sale.
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Last updated: Fri Dec 13 15:31:06 EST 2002
Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (malle)
Principal parts for malle, to prefer
malo, malle, malui.
Infinitives and Participles
Present Perfect
Future
Infinitive malle
maluisse -----
Participle -----
-----
-----
Indicative Mood
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 malo
malumus
1 malebam malebamus
1 malam
malemus
2 mavis
mavultis
2 malebas malebatis
2 males
maletis
3 mavult
malunt
3 malebat malebant
3 malet
malent
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 malui
maluimus
Singular
Plural
Singular Plural
1 malueram malueramus
1 maluero maluerimus
2 maluisti maluistis
2 malueras malueratis
2 malueris malueritis
3 maluit
3 maluerat maluerant
3 maluerit maluerint
maluerunt
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 malim
malimus
1 mallem mallemus
2 malis
malitis
2 malles
malletis
3 malit
malint
3 mallet
mallent
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
Pluperfect Tense
Singular
Plural
1 maluerim maluerimus
1 maluissem maluissemus
2 malueris malueritis
2 maluisses maluissetis
3 maluerit maluerint
3 maluisset maluissent
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Last updated: Mon Aug 25 12:22:48 EDT 1997
Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (nolle)
Principal parts for nolle, to be unwilling
nolo, nolle, nolui.
Infinitives and Participles
Present Perfect Future
Infinitive nolle
noluisse -----
Participle nolens
-----
-----
Indicative Mood
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 nolo
nolumus
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 nolebam nolebamus
1 nolam
nolemus
2 non vis non vultis
2 nolebas nolebatis
2 noles
noletis
3 non vult nolunt
3 nolebat nolebant
3 nolet
nolent
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 nolui
noluimus
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 nolueram nolueramus
1 noluero noluerimus
2 noluisti noluistis
2 nolueras nolueratis
2 nolueris nolueritis
3 noluit
3 noluerat noluerant
3 noluerit noluerint
noluerunt
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Present Tense
Singular Plural
1 nolim
nolimus
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 nollem
nollemus
2 nolis
nolitis
2 nolles
nolletis
3 nolit
nolint
3 nollet
nollent
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 noluerim noluerimus
1 noluissem noluissemus
2 nolueris nolueritis
2 noluisses noluissetis
3 noluerit noluerint
3 noluisset noluissent
Imperative Mood
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
2 noli
nolite
2 nolito
nolitote
3 -----
-----
3 nolito
noluntote
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Last updated: Mon Aug 25 12:26:47 EDT 1997
Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (velle)
Principal parts for velle, to wish
volo, velle, volui.
Infinitives and Participles
Present Perfect Future
Infinitive velle
voluisse -----
Participle volens
-----
-----
Indicative Mood
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
Future Tense
Singular Plural
1 volo
volumus
1 volebam volebamus
1 volam
volemus
2 vis
vultis
2 volebas volebatis
2 voles
voletis
3 vult
volunt
3 volebat volebant
3 volet
volent
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 volui
voluimus
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
1 volueram volueramus
1 voluero voluerimus
2 voluisti voluistis
2 volueras volueratis
2 volueris volueritis
3 voluit
3 voluerat voluerant
3 voluerit voluerint
voluerunt
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Present Tense
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 velim
velimus
1 vellem
vellemus
2 velis
velitis
2 velles
velletis
3 velit
velint
3 vellet
vellent
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
Pluperfect Tense
Singular Plural
1 voluerim voluerimus
1 voluissem voluissemus
2 volueris volueritis
2 voluisses voluissetis
3 voluerit voluerint
3 voluisset voluissent
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Last updated: Mon Aug 25 12:30:08 EDT 1997
Conjunctions
Conjunctions come in two flavors, coördinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. Coördinating conjunctions join two expressions or
two clauses at the same level. Subordinating conjunctions connect a clause at a lower level to a clause one level deeper.
In addition, a number of adverbs are often used like conjunctions. These include a number of Latin equivalents of English words like therefore,
moreover and however.
Coördinating Conjunctions
These connect two grammatical units at an equal level, such as:

two nouns or noun phrases
the green bird and the hungry cat

two independent clauses
Purple cows don't exist, but Descartes claims to exist because he thinks.
Simple conjunctions








ac. and.
at. but. (This is more emphatic than sed.)
atque. and, and also, moreover.
aut. or.
et. and.
nec non. and besides.
sed. but.
vel. or.
Paired conjunctions




atque...atque. both...and.
aut...aut. either...or.
et...et. both...and.
nec...et. not only...but also.
Note: the meaning of the first conjoined expression is affirmative rather than negative not only in Latin but also in English (nec in lingua
Latina classica et in lingua Anglisca moderna)!


nec...nec. neither...or.
ut...ita. Although...nevertheless.
Adverbial conjunctions



ergo, idcirco, itaque, unde. hence, thus, therefore, then, whence.
etiam, insuper, porro, praeterea. and besides, furthermore, and in addition, moreover.
tamen, autem. however, nevertheless, nonetheless.
Subordinating Conjunctions
These connect a clause of one level to a clause of a deeper level:
Purple cows don't exist, but Descartes claims to exist because he thinks.
For a number of subordinating conjunctions, the meaning may depend significantly on the mood (indicative or subjunctive) of the verb in the
subordinate clause. The indicative mood typically has a factual meaning, whereas the subjunctive frequently denotes possibility or obligation.


cum. when, whenever, since, because.
o cum-temporal clauses (when, whenever). The subordinate clause takes the subjunctive mode.
o cum-causal clauses (since, because). The subordinate clause takes the indicative mode if the time is present, future or definite
past. The subordinate clause takes the subjunctive mode for indefinite past time.
si. if.
o Statements of fact take the indicative mode.
o Statements of possibility take the subjunctive mode.
Some subordinating conjunctions






antequam. before.
cum. when, whenever, since, because.
dum. while, if only, so long as, until.
si. if.
usque. until.
ut. while, as.
Mathematical equations and fit
In mathematical German, formulas (equations and inequalities) are treated as expressions rather than as sentences. However, in mathematical
English, they are more commonly treated as sentences. Since symbolic expressions of the kind used in nineteenth and twentieth century
mathematics only go back to the Renaissance period, treatment of these symbolic expressions may vary a bit. A writer handling formulas as
expressions is apt to make heavy use of fit, the third person singular present indicative of the irregular verb fieri. In English, this is apt to be
translated as therefore rather than more literally as it becomes. The following example should clarify the issue:
Latin
Literal
English
Sit:
Let it be:
Let:
f(x)=x².
f(x)=x².
f(x)=x².
Mutando x in x+h, Changing x into x+h, Then,
fit:
f(x)=x²+2hx+h².
it becomes:
changing x into x+h,
f(x)=x²+2hx+h².
f(x)=x²+2hx+h².
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Last updated: Sun Sep 14 14:38:18 EDT 1997
Prepositions
Take these examples with a grain of salt. The classical Latin system of prepositions does not coincide neatly with the English system. Accordingly, some of the examples
may reflect my prejudices as an English speaker more than they reflect classical Latin usage. Of course if you find such an example, please do send me email (polite or
inflammatory). I would like this to be as accurate as possible.
Prepositions governing the accusative
ad
motion
adversus
to
against
in front of,
before
ante
position
apud
position at, among
circiter
about
circum
around
cis, citra
ad senatum ambulare
to walk to the Senate
position on this side of
carrum ante equum ponere
to put the cart before the horse
milites circum transfugam stabant
the soldiers stood around the deserter
contra
against
contra condus pugnare
to fight with the shopkeepers
erga
motion
extra
position outside
extra casam pugnaverunt
they fought outside the house
in
motion
saxum in casam iacere
to throw the rock into the house
infra
position below
inter
position
intra
position within
juxta
position near
ob
cause
because of
per
motion
through
post
position behind, after
praeter
toward
into, onto, on
between,
among
inter amicos sto
I stand among friends
equum post carrum ponere
to put the horse after the cart
beyond, past
prope
position near
propter
cause
because of
secundum position next to
post hoc ergo propter hoc
after it thus because of it (logical fallacy)
sub
motion
super
position over
supra
position above, over
pontis supra aquam territum
a bridge over fearful water
trans
motion
across
ventus trans flumen flat
the wind blows across the stream
versus
motion
toward
ultra
under
beyond
As Latin was losing its case system, prepositions started to move in to fill the void. In colloquial Latin, the preposition ad followed by the
accusative was sometimes used as a substitute for the dative case.
Classical Latin: Iacobus geometrae librum donat James is giving the geometer the book.
Vulgar Latin: Iacobus librum ad geometrem donat James is giving the book to the geometer.
Modern French: Jacques donne le livre au géomètre James is giving the book to the geometer.
Prepositions governing the ablative
by
ab Aenea esus
eaten by Aeneas
time
since, after
a censu natus
born after the census
motion from
from
a domu veniens
a, ab, abs agent
coming from home
cause
from, out of
ab augerio territus
frightened by augury
cum
accompaniment with
cum Marco edi
I ate with Mark
de
motion from
down from
de caelo descendere
to fall from the sky
subject
about,
concerning
liber de Caesare
a book about Caesar
e, ex
source
from, out of
de danista ex infernis affligi
to be injured by the money lender from hell
in
position
in, on
in saxo sto
I am standing on the rock
prae
position
before
cum prae Caesare Clintone steti, mihi ad Texam ablegavit
because I stood before President Clinton, he banished me to Texas
pro
position
in front of, for pro vobis venio, ut post vos sto
sine
accompaniment without
amor sine spe
love without hope
sub
position
aqua sub ponte
water under the bridge
I come before you to stand behind you
below, under
Just as in the disappearing dative case, colloquial Latin sometimes replaced the disappearing genitive case with the preposition de followed by
the ablative.
Classical Latin: Iacobus mihi librum geometrae donat. James is giving me the geometer's book.
Vulgar Latin: Iacobus mihi librum de geometre donat. James is giving me the book of (belonging to) the geometer.
Vulgar Latin: Iacobus librum de geometre ad me donat. James is giving the book of (belonging to) the geometer to me.
Modern French: Jacques me donne le livre du géomètre. James is giving me the book of (belonging to) the geometer.
Modern French: Jacques donne le livre du géomètre à moi. James is giving the book of (belonging to) the geometer to me.
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Last updated: Wed Jan 20 12:46 EDT 2010
Latin Interjections
An interjections is a word or phrase which doesn't have much grammatical connection to the rest of a sentence. In some cases, an interjection
may serve as an entire sentence. Some relatively clean examples in English -- the interjection is in boldface:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Egad! August, to think that even Brutus would join the rebels.
The sum of these two power series yields well uh an analytic continuation of Riemann's zeta function.
Doh!
Darn it!
Oh!
Latin also has interjections. Some indicate emotion, some derive from invocations of members of the Roman or Greek pantheon, some are
Greek borrowings, while others are taken from other parts of speech. (Translations in italics are guesses by me.) G-rated examples:



























age (imperative of ago, agere (III), egi, actus to drive, to urge, to conduct) Come! Well!
ecce (astonishment) behold!
ehem (pleasant surprise) wow!
eheu (pain) ow! oh!
eho (rebuke) see here!
ehodum (rebuke) now see here!
ei, hei (fear or dismay)
eia, heia (praise) good! (haste) quick!
eia age (haste) quickly now! come quick!
em, hem (probably from imperative eme of emo, emere (III), emi, emptus to aquire, to buy) (1) Here you are! (2) There you are!
(followed by a dative indicating something that is being given.)
eu (ironic) great! (Great! Now it will take a mere two hundred years for me to finish.)
euge (praise) terrific!
euhoe, evoe, evae (cry of ecstasy at a Bacchanal) eeyow!
Hercle By Hercules!
heu, eheu, vae (sorrow) alas!
heus (drawing attention) hey!
io (joy!) ho!
Iove By Jove!
lo (from Greek?) Lo! (as in "Lo, how a rose e'er blooming...")
o (astonishment) oh!
Pol Pollux! Polydeuces!
papae (delight!) wonderful!
pro oh!
pro pudor fie! for shame
pro di immortales heavens above! heavens to betsy! (literally: for the immortal gods!)
st shhh!
vae woe! (with dative) woe to (e.g. vae mihi Woe is me!)
(Sources for the initial version of this page: Allen & Greenough New Latin Grammar [referenced on main page], The New College Latin &
English Dictionary [also referenced on main page], and William Whitaker's Words
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Last updated: Thu Jul 31 13:51:47 EDT 2003
Latin Examples
Introduction (Prooemium)
This is a collection in progress of snippets of Latin. In this section, I have not bothered to mark long vowels.
If you'd like to contribute a few sentences to this modest collection, then feel free to email your submission to me at the the email address below.
I will acknowledge any submissions that I decide to use.
If you're looking for online Latin texts or English translations, please check out the links to other Latin resources.
PS: I'm sure there are mistakes here. Don't hesitate to offer any corrections.
Elementary examples (Exempla facilia)
1. Lingua latina demortua est. Romanos occidit etenim me necat. -- schoolboy taunt
Latin is dead. It killed the Romans and it's killing me too.
2. Venus, tuus tonsus novus est squalor flebilis!
Venus, your new hairdo is a pathetic mess!
Public service warning: Gentlemen, avoid the temptation to try this sentence out on your girlfriend -- even in your best bedroom voice
(vox amatoria). After all, if you can find this web site, so can she.
3. Vir honeste, tonsum affer.
Yo dude! get a haircut.
(60's nostalgia version) Vir transitori, tonsum affer.
Get a haircut, hippie.
4. Quae sufficiat addigitasse. -- C. G. Jacobi. in § 46 of Fundamenta Nova Theoriae Functionum Ellipticarum
May it suffice to have pointed out these things.
Let it suffice to have pointed out these things.
(fig.) The details are left as an exercise.
Notes: addigitasse is a contraction of addigitavisse, the perfect infinitive of a Late Latin verb addigitare, to point out. This verb is listed
in Latham's list of Latin words from medieval British and Irish sources. According to Latham, the first word shows up in one of his
sources dating back to approximately 1180 CE. It is a compound ad + digit- where digitus is Latin for finger. Question: Is the modern
Italian verb additare a cognate?
5. Ave Caesar, morituri te salutant.
Hail Caesar, those who are about to die salute you.
Folk songs
I've butchered several American folk songs, both traditional and revisionist, and partially (and whimsically!) translated them into folksy Latin.
Some of these might be singable. Win virtual prizes for correctly identifying the songs and finding all the errors!
 E canto in ventulus flare auctore Roberto Dylano:
De quot viis viro ambulandum est, dum virum appelatur.
 E canto de Thoma Dulio cantoribus trinionis Regioppidi:
Caput demitte, Thomas Duli!
Caput demitte fleque.
Caput demitte, Thomas Duli!
Miser! iussum est, ut mori deberere.
 E canto traditionale de bella Pollia:
Pollia! bella Pollia! veni et mecum i.
Pollia! bella Pollia! veni et mecum i,
ut videamus gaudios, antequam maramur.
 E canto traditionale Pauper barbarus errans:
Sum pauper barbarus errans,
Qui per terram miserandam,
Et est nec morbus nec labor nec periculum
In terra alba ad quam eo.
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Sursum adeamus!
Last updated: Tue Sep 25 16:42:26 EDT 2007
(If you're looking for a favorite phrase that you suggested in Spring or Summer of 2007, please don't despair yet. I do have several good suggestions that I still plan to add to
this list.)
Latin phrases used in English
Latin Phrase
Abbrev. Literal English
Translation
Examples
to the point of disgust
and so on and on and on
and on
amicus curiae
a friend of the court
The American Civil Liberties Union filed an amicus curiae
an interested third party brief supporting Jerry Falwell's suit against the city of
Lynchburg.
causa sine qua
non
a reason swithout
which not
an indispensible
condition
ad nauseam
cave canem!
Beware of the dog!
caveat emptor!
Let the buyer beware!
Let the customer
beware!
"Caveat emptor" applies to many phishing schemes on the
internet.
de facto
from deed
existing, in actuality
"De facto segregration" arises from daily living rather than legal
sanction.
de jure
according to law
legally
"De jure segregration" is sanctioned or demanded by law.
de minimis
about smallest (things) about trivia
about trivialities
et alii
et al.
and others
and others
et cetera
etc.
and the rest
and so on
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_minimis
The Interminable Tome by Joshua Longworth, Mary
Longworth, et al.
ex post facto
after the deed
exempli gratia
for the sake of an
example
e.g.
The U.S. Constitution prohibits ex post facto laws. (An ex post
facto law makes a crime out of an act committed before the
enactment of the law.)
for example
The mayors of some cities, e.g. Columbus, are directly elected
by the miserabile vulgus (q.v.), while others are appointed by
the city council.
a legal petition
You may have the
challenging detention or
body (to be submitted
imprisonment
[for examination]).
[Wikipedia article]
habeas corpus (ad
subjiciendum)
id est
retroactive
i.e.
it is, that is
in actu
that is
in practice
While I see no reason in theory why bread should fall jelly-side
down, in actu it seems to happen more often than not.
In hoc signo
vinces.
In this sign thou wilt
conquer.
In this sign you will
conquer.
(This motto was supposedly adopted by the emperor
[Imperator] Constantine. It also appears on Pall Mall cigarette
packs.)
Wikipedia reference.
inter alia
among others
among other things
The boat is not seaworthy because, inter alia, it has a leaky
bottom.
mea culpa
my fault
Woops!
miserabile vulgus
the pathetic masses
the wretched rabble
Note well!
Note carefully!
Nota bene
Novus ordo
saeculorum
Novus ordo
n.b.
A new order for the
ages
(See the back of a $1.00 bill.)
seclorum
post hoc ergo
propter hoc
post hoc after this therefore
because of this
It happened before and
it is thus the cause. (a
logical fallacy)
Post hoc fallacy:
I did five pushups and my cold went away three days later.
Therefore pushups cured my cold.
Extreme post hoc fallacy:
I did five pushups and my cold went away three days later.
Therefore five pushups is a cure for the common cold.
prima facie
by first look
qui nucleum vult
nucem frangat
quod erat
demonstrandum
something for
something
tit for tat
q.v.
which see
(a reference to another
part of a published
work)
Q.E.D.
which was to be
proved
this is what I set out to
prove;
end of proof
rest (acc.)
a mass for a deceased
person;
a song of mourning
requiem
requiescat
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_facie
[link to translation]
quid pro quo
quod vide
self-evident from the
facts
RIP
may he (or she) rest in
He hung the pictures as a gesture of friendship; there was no
quid pro quo.
(See also: a transcript of the Senate trial of the Clinton
impeachment.)
...and thus the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
the squares of the two legs. Q.E.D.
in pace
peace
res ipsa loquitur
res ips.
the matter itself
speaks
the situation speaks for
itself;
the matter is selfevident
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_ipsa_loquitur
The proceedings in Brookville vs. Thompson are suspended sine
die.
sine die
without a day
indefinitely
until mañana
sine qua non
without which not
an indispensible person
It's a sine qua non that Jupiter be invoked thrice before bedtime.
or object
summum bonum
the highest good
(Philosophy:)
the ultimate ends
Ursa major
The bigger bear
The Big Dipper (a
constellation)
Ursa minor
The smaller bear
The Little Dipper
(another constellation)
inverted
(pp. of verto)
against
versus
vs.
Brown vs. Board of Education
N.B.: Purists who point out that the Big Dipper is merely a subconstellation of Ursa major will be cheerfully ignored.
Proverbs, Adages, Mottos and Oracles
Annuit coeptis.
He has smiled on our undertakings.
De gustibus non disputandum est.
There is no accounting for taste.
Literally: Concerning taste, it is not to be argued.
De minimis non curat lex.
The law does not care about trivialities.
De minimis non curat praetor.
The judge does not care about trivialities.
E pluribus unum.
Out of many [comes] one.
Nemo est haeres viventis.
In hoc signo vinces.
Nobody is an heir to [one still] living.
see: http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2004/04/14/41223.htm
(A New Jersey court cited the doctrine of "nemo est haeres viventis"
in rejecting the legality of a waiver signed by scuba diver killed in
an accident. Bonnie Gershon, et al. v. Regency Diving Center, Inc.)
In this sign, thou shalt conquer.
Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum sonatur. Anything said in Latin sounds profound.
Literally: Whatever may have been said in Latin is heard (as) profound.
Res ipsa loquitur.
The matter is self-evident. [see above]
Literally: The matter itself speaks.
Veni. Vidi. Vici.
I came. I saw. I conquered.
Latin phrases that ought to be used
Latin Phrase
Abbrev. Literal English Translation
Examples
cave fatuum!
(masc.)
cave fatuam!
(fem.)
cave fatuos! (pl.)
Beware of the fool(s)!
Sign posted on the managers' restroom door : Cave fatuis!
cave felem!
Beware of the cat!
Sign posted on lawn to ward off salespeople and proselytisers:
Cave felem!
caveat attemptor!
Let the tryer beware!
Sign posted by the very high diving board: Caveat attemptor!
sacra bos
Sac.b.
holy cow
Holy cow!
Sac.b., Batman! This could only be the work of the Riddler!
sacra forda
Sac.For.
holy pregnant
cow
HOLY COW!
(more emphatic than "Sacra
bos)
Sac.For., Batman! We've been snared by the Riddler!
Mail comments to Eric Conrad [email protected]
Back to the Latin home page
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Last updated: May 22, 2008
POSITIVE DEGREE ADJECTIVES:
(1st & 2nd Declension)
Msingular
improbNominativus
us
improbAccusativus
um
Genetivus
M-plural
improb-i
Fsingular
improb-a
improbos
improbimprob-i
orum
Dativus
improb-o
Ablativus
improb-o
F-plural
improbae
improbas
improbarum
N-singular N-plural
improb-um improb-a
improbimprob-um
am
improbimprob-i
ae
improbimprob-is
improb-is improb-o
ae
improb-is improb-a improb-is improb-o
improb-a
improborum
improb-is
improb-is
(3rd Declension)
Third declension adjectives of two endings (by far the most common) appear thus:
tristis, -e.
M/Fsingular
Nominativus trist-is
Accusativus trist-em
M/F-plural N-singular N-plural
trist-es
trist-e
trist-es [or trist-e
trist-ia
trist-ia
Genetivus
Dativus
Ablativus
trist-is
trist-i
trist-i
-is]
trist-ium
trist-ibus
trist-ibus
trist-is
trist-i
trist-i
trist-ium
trist-ibus
trist-ibus
Third declension adjectives of three endings appear thus: celer, -is, -e. The masculine
and feminine differ only in the nominative singular.
M/Fsingular
celer;
Nominativus
celer-is
Accusativus celer-em
Genetivus
Dativus
Ablativus
celer-is
celer-i
celer-i
M/F-plural N-singular N-plural
celer-es
celer-es [or
-is]
celer-ium
celer-ibus
celer-ibus
celer-e
celer-ia
celer-e
celer-ia
celer-is
celer-i
celer-i
celer-ium
celer-ibus
celer-ibus
Third declension adjectives of one ending appear thus: potens, -entis. Masculine,
feminine, and neuter nominative singular are the same. These forms are derived from
the present active participle.
M/Fsingular
Nominativus potens
Accusativus potent-em
M/F-plural N-singular N-plural
potent-es
potent-es
potens
potens
potent-ia
potent-ia
Genetivus
Dativus
Ablativus
potent-is
potent-i
potent-i
potent-ium potent-is
potent-ibus potent-i
potent-ibus potent-i
potent-ium
potent-ibus
potent-ibus
Comparative Adjectives: (3rd declension)
M/F
singularis
Nominativus improb-ior
Accusativus
Genetivus
improb-iorem
improb-ioris
Dativus
improb-ior-i
Ablativus
improb-iore
M/F pluralis N singularis N pluralis
improb-iores
improb-iores
improb-iorum
improb-ioribus
improb-ioribus
improb-ius
improb-ius
improb-iora
improb-iora
improb-ior- improb-ioris
um
improb-iorimprob-ior-i
ibus
improb-ior- improb-iore
ibus
NOTA BENE:


Comparative adjectives are consonant stem.
Translate as "more X," "X-er," or "rather/too X." e.g. formosior;
"more pretty," "prettier," or "rather/ too pretty."
SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES: (1st & 2nd declension)
Nominativus
(singularis)
Accusativus
Genetivus
Dativus
Ablativus
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
improb-issim-us
improb-issim-a
improb-issim-um
improb-issim-um
improb-issim-i
improb-issim-o
improb-issim-o
improb-issim-am improb-issim-um
improb-issim-ae improb-issim-i
improb-issim-ae improb-issim-o
improb-issim-a improb-issim-o
Nominativus (pluralis) improb-issim-i
Accusativus
improb-issim-os
improb-issimGenetivus
orum
Dativus
improb-issim-is
Ablativus
improb-issim-is
improb-issim-ae improb-issim-a
improb-issim-as improb-issim-a
improb-issimimprob-issimarum
orum
improb-issim-is
improb-issim-is
improb-issim-is
improb-issim-is
NOTA BENE:


Translate as "the most X" or "the X-est." e.g. formosissimus; "the most pretty"
or "the prettiest."
Adjectives which end in [-er] in the nominative, singular, masculine have the
superlative form with [-errim-] rather than [-issim-]. e.g pulch-er (positive),
pulchr-ior (comparative), pulch-errim-us (superlative).
nv
gt
Declinatie:
Geslacht:
NOM
sg
GEN
sg
DAT
sg
ACC
sg
ABL
sg
VOC
sg
NOM
pl
GEN
pl
DAT
pl
ACC
pl
ABL
pl
Betekenis:
ADIECTIVA
1e / 2e - decl.
M(asculinum)F(emininum)
N(eutrum)
bon us
bon a
bon um
bon i
bon ae
bon i
bon o
bon ae
bon o
bon um
bon am
bon um
bon o
bon a
bon o
bon e
bon i
bon ae
bon a
bon orum
bon arum
bon orum
bon is
bon is
bon is
bon os
bon as
bon a
bon is
bon is
bon is
goed
goed
goed
M of F
fort is
fort is
fort i
fort em
fort i
3e decl.
N
fort e
fort is
fort i
fort e
fort i
fort es
fort ium
fort ibus
fort es
fort ibus
sterk, dapper
fort ia
fort ium
fort ibus
fort ia
fort ibus
sterk, dapper
Bij de adiectiva van de 1e/2e declinatie horen ook de adiectiva als:
 pulcher,-chra, -chrum (= mooi)
 asper, - era, -erum (= ruw)
Bij de adiectiva van de 3e declinatie horen ook:
 adiectiva van 3 uitgangen op -er, -eris: acer, acris, acre ( = hevig, fel)
 adiectiva van 1 uitgang (alle andere): felix ,-icis(= gelukkig)
 adiectiva met abl. sg. op -e: vetus (= oud), dives ,-vitis(= rijk) en pauper , -eris(=arm)
 het ppa: bv. vocans ,-ntis; (let op: abl. sg. op -e !)
Er zijn ook enkele adiectiva met een gen. sg. op -ius en een dat. sg. op -i !
 unus (= één), solus (= alleen), totus (= geheel), ullus (= enig, één enkele), nullus (= geen enkele), uter? (= wie
van beide?), uterque (= elk van beide), neuter (= geen van beide), alter (de één, de ander [van twee]), alius ,gen:
alterius (= [een] ander)
Adiectiva (bijvoeglijke naamwoorden) worden gebruikt:



bij substantiva (zelfstandige naamwoorden) en passen zich daaraan aan in geslacht, getal en naamval!
als naamwoordelijk deel van het gezegde en passen zich aan aan het onderwerp in geslacht, getal en naamval!
(soms) zelfstandig.
Numerals (Numeralia)
The circumflex accent ( ˆ ) is used to denote the length of the vowels.
Arabic
Cardinal
Ordinal
Distributive
Num. Adverbs
Roman
1. unus, una, unum
primus, 3
singuli, ae, a
semel
I.
2. duo, duae, duo
secundus, 3
alter, era, erum
bini, ae, a
bis
II.
3. tres, tria
tertius, 3
terni (trini), ae, a
ter
III.
4. quattuor
quartus, 3
quaterni, ae, a
quarter
IV.
5. quinque
quintus, 3
quini, ae, a
quinquies
V.
6. sex
sextus, 3
seni, ae, a
sexies
VI.
7. septem
septimus, 3
septeni, ae, a
septies
VII.
8. octo
octâvus, 3
octoni, ae, a
octies
VIII.
9. novem
nonus, 3
noveni, ae, a
novies
IX.
10. decem
decimus, 3
deni, ae, a
decies
X.
11. undecim
undecim, 3
undeni, ae, a
undecies
XI.
12. duodecim
duodecimus, 3
duodeni, ae, a
duodecies
XII.
13. tredecim
tertius decimus
terni deni
ter decies
XIII.
14. quattuordecim
quartus decimus
quaterni deni
quater decies
XIV.
15. quindecim
quintus decimus
quini deni
quinquies decies
XV.
16. sedecim
sextus decimus
seni deni
sexies decies
XVI.
17. septendecim
septimus decimus
septeni deni
septies decies
XVII.
18. duodeviginti
duodevicesimus, 3
duodeviceni, ae, a
duodevicies
XVIII.
19. undeviginti
undevicesimus, 3
undeviceni, ae, a
undevicies
XIX.
20. viginti
vicesimus, 3
viceni, ae, a
vicies
XX.
unus et vicesimus
vicesimus primus
viceni singuli
singuli et viceni
vicies semel
semel et vicies
XXI.
28. duodetriginta
duodetricesimus, 3
duodetriceni, ae, a
duodetricies
XXVIII.
29. undetriginta
undetricesimus, 3
undetriceni, ae, a
undetricies
XXIX.
30. triginta
tricesimus, 3
triceni, ae, a
tricies
XXX.
40. quadraginta
quadragesimus, 3
quadrageni, ae, a
quadragies
XL.
50. quinquaginta
quinquagesimus, 3
quinquageni, ae, a
quinquagies
L.
21.
viginti unus
unus et viginti
60. sexaginta
sexagesimus, 3
sexageni, ae, a
sexagies
LX.
70. septuaginta
septuagesimus, 3
septuageni, ae, a
septuagies
LXX.
80. octoginta
octogesimus, 3
octogeni, ae, a
octogies
LXXX.
90. nonaginta
nonagesimus, 3
nonageni, ae, a
nonagies
XC.
100. centum
centesimus, 3
centeni, ae, a
centies
C.
200. ducenti, ae, a
ducentesimus, 3
duceni, ae, a
ducenties
CC.
300. tricenti, ae, a
tricentesimus, 3
treceni, ae, a
trecenties
CCC.
400. quadringenti, ae, a
quadrigentesimus, 3
quadringeni, ae, a
quadringenties
CD.
500. quingenti, ae, a
quingentesimus, 3
quingeni, ae, a
quingenties
D.
600. sesgenti, ae, a
sescentesimus, 3
sesceni, ae, a
sescenties
DC.
700. septingenti, ae, a
septingentesimus, 3
septingeni, ae, a
septingenties
DCC.
800. octingenti, ae, a
octingentesimus, 3
octingeni, ae, a
octingenties
DCCC.
900. nongenti, ae, a
nongentesimus, 3
nongeni, ae, a
nongenties
CM.
1000. mille
millesimus, 3
singula milia
milies
M.
2000. duo milia
bis millesimus, 3
bina milia
bis milies
MM.
3000. tria milia
ter millesimus, 3
terna milia
ter milies
MMM.
10000. decem milia
decies millesimus, 3
dena milia
decies milies
21000. unum et viginti milia
semel et vicies millesimus, 3 vicena singula milia
semel et vicies milies
centes millesimus, 3
centena milia
centies milies
decies centes millesimus, 3
decies centena milia
decies centies milies
100000. centum milia
1000000. decies centena milia
The ordinals are declined like adjectives of I-II declensions.
The distributives are declined like adjectives of I-II declensions also, but in plural only. They are used to denote:
1. Equal numbers referring to each one of several objects, as in:

Omnibus avibus duae sunt alae.
All burds have two wings.
2. Quantity at nouns in plurals, as in:
sena castra six camps or binae litterae two letters (epistles), but duo litterae two letters (=characters).
The numeral adverbs are invariable words.
By adding the morphological element -plex or -plus -fold, multiplied by... there can be derived adjectives from the numerals:







simplex, simplicis / siimplus, 3 onefold, simple
duplex, duplicis / duplus, 3 twofold, double, duple
triplex, triplicis / triplus, 3 threefold, treble, triple
quadruplex, quadruplicis / quadruplus, 3 fourfold, quadruple
quintuplex, quintuplicis / quintuplus, 3 fivefold, quintuple
sextuplex, sextuplicis / sextuplus, 3 sixfold, sextuple
...
The forms on -plex are declined as the III declension adjectives with one form for all the genders.
Declension of unus, duo, tres and milia:
...
unus
Case
Nom.
m
unus
duo
f
una
n
unum
m
tres
f
n
duo
duae
duo
mf
tres
milia
n
tria
n
milia
Gen.
unius
duorum
duarum
duorum
trium
milium
Dat.
uni
duobus
duabus
duobus
tribus
milibus
Acc.
unum
unam
unum
duos
duas
duo
Abl.
uno
una
uno
duobus
duabus
duobus
tres
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Descriptive Latin Grammar
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This page is part of Orbis Latinus
© Zdravko Batzarov
Verb (Verbum)
The circumflex accent ( ˆ ) is used to denote the length of the vowels.
tria
tribus
milia
milibus
Verb is a word that characteristically is the grammatical center of a predicate and expresses an act, occurrence, or mode of being.
It was noted that the Latin thought in the classical period understood and faced the world actively, as it turns out, and this was reflected into the
language by a relatively rich varieties of verbal modifications.
General Notions










Finite and Non-Finite Verbal Forms
Persons (Personae)
Tenses (Tempora)
Moods (Modi)
Voices (Genera)
Verba infinita
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Conjugations (Conjugationes)
Verbal Endings
Conjunctive Vowels
Finite and Non-Finite Verbal Forms
The Latin grammarians have divided the verbal forms into two classes:
1. Verba finita, or personally defined verbal forms,
and
2. Verba infinita, or personally undefined verbal forms.
Back to the Top
Persons (Personae)
Latin has three persons:



First person referring to the speaker or writer of the utterance
Second person referring to the person or thing addressed in the utterance
Third person referring to one that is neither the speaker or writer of the utterance.
Unlike in English, the persons in Latin were indicated by specific verbal endings, the personal pronouns being attached to the verbs to express
emphasis only.
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Tenses (Tempora)
Tense is a distinction of form in a verb to express distinctions of time or duration of the action or state it denotes.
There are six tenses in Latin, traditionally divided into two groups:
I. Main tenses
1. The Present tense (Praesens) denotes a state or action in the very moment of the utterance;
2. The Future tense (Futurum) denotes a state or action that will take place very soon;
3. The Future Perfect tense (Futurum secundum or Futurum exactum) denotes a future state or action that will precede another future state
or action.
I. Past (or historical) tenses
1. The Imperfect tense (Imperfectum) denotes a past state or action that is taking place with another past state or action;
2. The Perfect tense (Perfectum) denotes a state or action that has taken place before the time of the utterance;
3. The Pluperfect tense (Plusquamperfectum) denotes a state or action that had happened in the remote past or had preceded another past
state or action.
Back to the Top
Moods (Modi)
Mood is a distinction of verb to express whether the action or state it denotes is conceived as fact command, possibility, or wish. There are three
moods in Latin:
1. The Indicative (Indicatiivus) represents the denoted act or state as an objective fact.
2. The Imperative (Imperativus) expresses the will to influence the behavior of another.
3. The Subjunctive (Conjunctivus or Subjunctivus) represents a denoted act or state not as fact but as contingent or possible or viewed
emotionally (as with doubt or desire). It is used mainly in subordinite clauses. When used in main clauses, it expresses a slight command,
insistence or invitation.
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Voices (Genera)
The voice indicates the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses. There are two voices in Latin:
1. The Active voice (Activum) asserts that the person or thing represented by the grammatical subject performs the action represented by the
verb:
Pater amat filiam suam. The father loves his daughter.
2. The Passive voice (Passivum) asserts that the grammatical subject of a verb is subjected to or affected by the action represented by that verb:
Pater amatur a filia sua. The father is loved by his daughter.
The Passive voice has sometimes reflexive meaning.
A special class is formed by the so called deponent verbs (verba deponentia) that have passive forms only, but with active meaning:
Imperator miilites hortatur. The general is encouraging the soldiers.
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Verba infinita
Verba infinita are non-personal verbal forms that are not conjugated. There are four such forms in Latin:
1. The Infinitive (Infinitivus) performs some functions of a noun and at the same time displays some characteristics of a verb like tense
(present, future and perfect) and voice and may have an object.
2. The Participle (Participium) is a word having the characteristics of both adjective and verb. Like the infinitive, the Latin participles has
distinction of tense (present, future and perfect) and voice and may have an object. On the other hand, it is declined like an adjective.
3. The Gerund (Gerundium) is a verbal noun that expresses generalized or uncompleted action. It is a neuter verbal noun of II declensiion,
used in Singular only, without Nominative form.
4. The Supine (Supinum) is a verbal noun of IV declension used in Accusative of purpose (-um) and in Ablative of specification (–u).
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Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
The transitive verbs are those that may take a direct object. Only they may be used in Passive voice.
The intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object and limit the effect of the action to the Subject itself. In the passive voice they are used
impersonally in 3 p. sg. only, cf.:
curro I run and curritur it is run.
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Conjugations (Conjugationes)
The Latin verbs have usually three stems: present, perfect and participial.
According to the endings of the present stems the grammarians have classified the verbs into four classes (conjugations):




First conjugation – the stem is ended by a long –â (it is called a-conjugation): amâ|re to love; the present stem is amâ-.
Second conjugation – the stem is ended by a long –ê (it is called e-conjugation): monê|re to advise; the present stem is monê-.
Third conjugation – the stem is ended by a consonant or consonantic u (=[w]) (it is called consonantic conjugation): leg|ere to read,
statu|ere to set up (the vowel –e- before the –re ending is short); the present stems are leg- and statu-.
Fourth conjugation – the stem is ended by a long –i (it is called i-conjugation): audî|re to hear; the present stem is audî-.
The conjugation are most easily recognizable in the present infinitive form of the verbs.
Note that according to the accentuation rules the present infinitives of the I, II and IV conj. are stressed on the punultimate, while those of the III
conj. – on the antepenultimate.
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Verbal Endings
The Latin tenses are formed from the relevant stems plus specific temporal characteristics and the personal verbal endings. These endings are
identical for all tenses of Indicative and Subjunctive, except for the Perfect Indicative.
Active
Passive
Perfect Indicative
Imperative
Present
Future
Sg.
1.
2.
3.
-o, -m
-s
-t
-or, -r
-ris
-tur
-i
-isti
-it
-= pres. stem
--
--to
-to
Pl.
1.
2.
3.
-mus
-tis
-nt
-mur
-mini
-ntur
-imus
-istis
-êrunt
--te
--
--tôte
-nto
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Conjunctive Vowels
When the verbal stem is ended by a consonant or –u (=[w]), there are inserted conjunctive vowels between the stem and the temporal
characteristic or personal ending that follow it.
The conjunctive vowels are always short and they are as follows:
-e-
before –r
leg|e|re to read
-i-
before –m, –s, –t
leg|i|mus we read, leg|i|s thou read, leg|i|t he / she reads
-u-
before –nt
leg|u|nt they read, leg|u|ntur they are read
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