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Religious Wars and European Expansion Questions of the Day Daniel W. Blackmon AP European History Coral Gables Sr. High School Essay of the Day • How did the Reformation contribute to the development of nation-states in Western Europe between 1450 and 1648? Acorn 1985 Key Words • How • Reformation • Development • Nation-States • 1450-1648 Which Nation-States? • England • France • Brandenburg-Prussia • United Provinces • Sweden SFI: England • Henry VIII • Catherine of Aragon • Anne Boleyn • Supremacy Act • Sir Thomas More • Destruction of the monasteries SFI: England • Thomas Cromwell • The Book of Common Prayer • Thomas Cranmer • Edward VI • Bloody Mary • Marriage to Philip II SFI: England • The Elizabethan Settlement • Catholic plots against Elizabeth • Mary, Queen of Scots • John Knox • Sea Hawks SFI: England • Sir Francis Drake • Rebellion in the Low Countries • English wool trade • Spanish Armada SFI: England • Confiscation of Church lands and distribution to gentry, insular attitudes towards foreigners, especially Philip II, the Elizabethan Settlement all serve to strengthen English self-consciousness and the power of Parliament. SFI: France • Huguenots • Catherine de Medici • Concordat of Bologna • Bourbons, Guises, Montmorency • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre SFI: France • Henry of Navarre (Henri IV) • War of the Three Henrys • Politiques • Jean Bodin • “Paris is worth a mass.” • Edict of Nantes SFI: France • The Wars of Religion in France result in such chaos and destruction that a strong, absolutist monarch is seen as the only alternative to civil war. SFI: Brandenburg-Prussia • Frederick William I • The Great Elector • Lutheran • Destruction of Thirty Years’ War leads to a permanent tax for a standing army SFI: United Provinces • The Dutch Rebellion • Margaret of Parma • Iconoclasm • Duke of Egmont • William the Silent of Orange SFI: United Provinces • Iconoclasm • Duke of Alva • Council of Blook • Sea Beggars • The Spanish Fury SFI: United Provinces • Duke of Parma • Union of Arras • Union of Utrecht • United Provinces • Elizabeth I SFI: United Provinces • Twelve Years’ Truce • Treaty of Westphalia • Dutch speaking, Calvinist North, French speaking, Catholic South SFI: United Provinces • The Spanish attempt to impose religious uniformity, more than the taxing of the Low Countries to pay for dynastic wars, led to the Dutch Revolt. SFI: United Provinces • The long war and terrible costs resulted in the separation of the French and Dutch speaking provinces along religious as well as linguistic lines, and led directly to the independence of the United Provinces. SFI: Sweden • The Vasa dynasty • Lutherans • Gustavus Adolphus • Swedish Phase of Thirty Years’ War SFI: Sweden • Breitenfeld • Lutzen • Treaty of Westphalia • Swedish Baltic possessions What Common Factors? • The establishment of one church as official causes religion to become a political issue. • Where religious adherents refused to compromise, chaos and civil war resulted. Common Factors • Religion is the pretext, politics the cause. • The most successful leaders are the politiques. • The Reformation and Wars of Religion help shape national consciousness Essay of the Day • “In the fifteenth century, European society was still centered on the Mediterranean region, but by the end of the seventeenth century, the focus of Europe had shifted north.” Essay of the Day • Identify and analyze the economic developments between 1450 and 1700 that helped bring this about. AP 1989 Key Words • “Mediterranean” • “Shifted north” • “Identify” • “Analyze” • “1450-1700” Factors • Political • Economic • Religious • Social • Intellectual Political Factors • Weakening of Mediterranean states – Italy dominated by Spain – Hapsburg-Valois wars – Fall of Constantinople led to weakening of Venetian trade empire Political Factors • Atlantic states– Spain, Portugal, France, the Netherlands, England– had governments strong and wealthy enough to pay for expansion. Political Factors • Mercantilism – Both political and economic policy. – Stresses state direction of the economy – Colonies provide raw materials and a market for finished products. Political Factors • Mercantilism emphasized competition between states, leading to colonies and frequent wars. • The colonial powers gained access to the world’s products. Political Factors • Dutch independence won under a commercial aristocracy. • The Dutch create a far flung trading empire. Political Factors • England under Elizabeth enjoyed internal peace and stability. • Elizabeth encouraged trade Political Factors • England under the Stuarts did not enjoy internal peace. • The Crown did encourage colonies – both royal and proprietary – and trade via joint stock companies. Political Factors • England in this era establishes the 13 North American colonies, and especially the West Indian colonies, and begins the conquest of India. Political Factors • England and the Whigs – The Whigs advocated religious toleration, commercial interests and the prosperity of landowners. • Under George I (r. 1714-27) , the Whigs under Robert Walpole were dominant. Political Factors • France acquires the sugar colonies of the West Indies (St. Domingue, Martinique, Guadalupe) as well as New France (furs) in this era. • Mercantilism under Colbert encouraged this process. Economic Factors • Commercial Revolution Economic Factors • Price Revolution – Inflation of 2-3% per year Spanish Price Levels • Years • 1501-1510 • 1591-1600 • 1601-1610 Goods 100 303 340 Wages 100 277 361 French Price Levels • Years • 1501-1525 • 1576-1600 Goods Wages 100 100 219 138 English Price Levels • Years • 1501-1510 • 1593-1602 • 1643-1652 Goods 100 256 348 Wages 100 130 189 Price Revolution • Causes: – Silver and gold from America – Debasement of coinage – New mining techniques – Population growth meant greater pressure on scarce resources Price Revolution • Impact – Commodity prices, especially for bread, rise sharply. – Wages did not keep pace with price increases Price Revolution • Peasants suffer intensely. • Aristocrats in Italy and France, whose peasants had long term leases, suffered as well—their incomes were fixed. Price Revolution • Landlords come under heavy pressure to break old customs and substitute short term leases, as well as to enclose and seek more productive agriculture. Price Revolution • Short term leases hurt tenants. • Enclosure created a class of landless poor which tended to move to the city. • Laborers’ wages did not keep up with prices, and they suffered. Price Revolution • Merchants, some landlords, manufacturers, speculators and bankers benefited as prices rose faster than the costs of production. Economic Factors • The New World and Expansion of World Trade • The Atlantic states were positioned to exploit new trading patterns. • They also had governments able to push expansion Economic Factors • New Products – Tobacco – Sugar – Coffee – Cocoa – Tea Economic Factors • Joint stock companies – England: East India Company, Virginia Company, Plymouth Company, Royal African Company – Dutch East India Company, Dutch West India Company Economic Factors • New Industries – Discovery of huge codfish banks off Newfoundland. This industry dominated by English and French – Shipbuilding, especially in the Netherlands. Economic Factors • Metal working, especially in armor and armaments. • Mining improvements, both in technology allowing much deeper mines and in improved extraction of silver from lead alloys. Economic Factors • “Putting out” system grows in Northern Europe, where merchants begin to deliver wool to individual peasants for spinning, weaving, and dying. This increases production and lowers costs, bypassing the guilds. Economic Factors • Banking – Double entry book keeping – Maritime insurance – Book transfers – Autonomous branch offices • Invented by Bardi, Peruzzi, Medici Economic Factors • The House of Fugger – Patriarch was Jacob Fugger the Rich – Began in woolen manufacture and weaving, with offices in Venice for the spice trade. Economic Factors • Expanded into banking, with offices in London, Antwerp, and Lisbon. – Note shift northwards. • Loaned money to the Hapsburgs. • Controlled silver and copper mines in Austria Economic Factors • The Fugger empire collapsed when the Habsburgs defaulted on their loans in the late 16th century. Economic Factors • The Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England emerge. • Amsterdam and London become the financial centers of Europe. Social Factors • Population Growth – Recovery after the Black Death – Dutch land reclamation pointed the way to a more productive agriculture. Social Factors • Population growth led to increases in handicrafts, textiles and metallurgy, especially in England, Flanders and parts of northern Italy. Social Factors • Enclosure and distress in England produced the Great Migration, which brought thousands of immigrants overseas. Intellectual Factors • Max Weber and The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 1905 Intellectual Factors • Weber believes that the doctrine of calling, to the Calvinist, was a strenuous activity chosen by the individual and pursued with religious zeal. Intellectual Factors • Calvinist virtues included diligence, thrift, sobriety, and prudence. • Calvinism created habits which survived the zeal of the Calvinists themselves. Intellectual Factors • This psychological shift might be described thus: • “In the middle ages, the rich man had been suspected because he was rich. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the rich man was respected because he was rich.” Intellectual Factors • The Weber Thesis has come under attack from such historians as Werner Sombart and H.M. Robertson. • While very suggestive, it is too simplistic. Intellectual Factors • However, clearly the spiritual individualism of Protestantism leads to economic individualism; breaking the authority of the Church makes possible new economic assumptions. Identifications of the Day • Defenestration of Prague • Gustavus Adolphus • Treaty of Westphalia • Cuius regio, eius religio • Grimmelshausen Multiple Choice • The Edict of Nantes in 1598 did which of the following: • A. Ensured Anglo-French cooperation throughout the seventeenth century. • B. Created a French church separated from papal authority. Multiple Choice • C. Ended the War of the Spanish Succession • D. Proclaimed the toleration of Calvinism • E. Precipitated the French Wars of Religion. Multiple Choice Multiple Choice • In the mid-seventeenth century, the area shaded black shown on the map above belonged to Multiple Choice • A. • B. • C. • D. • E. Russia Poland Sweden Austria Brandenburg-Prussia Multiple Choice • In the first half of the seventeenth century, the Austrian Hapsburgs subdued revolt and centralized control in their territories by doing which of the following? Multiple Choice • A. Emancipating the peasantry and encouraging agricultural development • B. Allying with the urban middle classes and encouraging commercial development • C. Establishing a national church headed by the Hapsburg emperor and redistributing former church properties. Multiple Choice • D. Creating a customs union to promote trade and acquiring new territories to supply merchants with raw materials. • E. Waging warfare against rebel groups and supporting the Catholic Reformation. Multiple Choice • Which of the following was a major result of the Thirty Years’ War (16181648)? • A. The long-term strengthening of the Holy Roman Emperor’s authority. • B. The banning of Calvinism in the German states Multiple Choice • C. The establishment of strong Russian influence in the northern German states. • D. The loss of as much as onethird of the German-speaking population through war, plague, and starvation. Multiple Choice • E. The encouragement of rapid economic development in many German-speaking cities. Identifications of the Day • Astrolabe • Caravel • Alfonso de Albuquerque • Price Revolution • Potosí Multiple Choice Multiple Choice • The shaded areas on the map above represent which of the following? • A. Dynastic lands of the Hapsburgs in the sixteenth century • B. Participants in the Thirty Multiple Choice • Years’ War in the seventeenth century • C. Protestant regions in the eighteenth century • D. Members of the Holy Alliance in the nineteenth century • E. Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the twentieth century. Multiple Choice • Which of the following groups was instrumental in ending the Wars of Religion (1562-1598) in France? • A. A group of Catholics and Protestants called the politiques • B. The French Calvinist nobility Multiple Choice • C. Catholic priests led by the papal nuncio • D. A coalition between lowerclass Calvinists and Catholics • E. The Huguenots Multiple Choice • Ferdinand and Isabella supported the expulsion or conversion of Muslims and Jews in Spain because • A. Ferdinand and Isabella were hostile to religious faiths other than Christianity • B. Ferdinand and Isabella feared that if they did nothing many Christians would leave Spain Multiple Choice • C. Spanish Muslims and Jews were believed to hinder the economic development of Spain • D. Spanish Muslims and Jews outnumbered Christians in most large cities in the kingdom. Multiple Choice • E. Spanish Muslims and Jews were protected by foreign powers hostile to Spain. Multiple Choice • The greatest beneficiary in the Thirty • • • • • Years’ War (1618-1648) A. France B. Spain C. Russia D. Sweden E. The Holy Roman Empire Multiple Choice • The long-term effect of the Thirty Years’ War on the German states was to • A. Restrict Lutheranism to southern German states • B. Initiate a long era of peace and rapid economic recovery Multiple Choice • C. • D. Encourage unification Devastate the German states’ economies • E. Increase the power of the Holy Roman Emperor Essay of the Day • Evaluate the relative importance of the religious rivalries and dynastic ambitions that shaped the course of the Thirty Years’ War. AP 1981 Key Words • “Evaluate” • “Relative importance” • “Religious rivalries” • “Dynastic ambitions” • “shaped the course” SFI: Religious Rivalries • Lutherans vs. Catholics SFI: Dynastic Ambitions • Hapsburgs (Spain and Holy Roman Empire) • Wittelsbach (Bavaria) • Vasa (Sweden) • Bourbon (France) The Bohemian Phase • Religious or Dynastic? – List the SFI relevant to this phase in two columns and then draw a conclusion. Danish Phase • Religious or Dynastic? – List the SFI relevant to this phase in two columns and then draw a conclusion. Swedish Phase • Religious or Dynastic? – List the SFI relevant to this phase in two columns and then draw a conclusion. French or International Phase • Religious or Dynastic? – List the SFI relevant to this phase in two columns and then draw a conclusion. Treaty of Westphalia 1648 • Religious or Dynastic? – Divide the key terms of the treaty into those that address religious issues and those which address dynastic issues. – Draw a conclusion as to which was more important. Construct Your Thesis • You have 5 minutes to write a thesis paragraph. Identifications of the Day • Audiencia • Intendants • Mercantilism • Quinto • Corregidores Multiple Choice • Which of the following resulted from the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588? • A. Spanish domination of the Mediterranean was ended • B. The invasion of England was prevented Multiple Choice • C. Dutch sympathies for the Spanish cause increased • D. War broke out between England and France • E. A series of uprisings occurred in the Spanish colonies of Central and South America Multiple Choice • In the period from Columbus’ discovery of the Americas to the American Revolution all of the following goods were imported from the New World to Europe in large quantities EXCEPT Multiple Choice • A. • B. • C. • D. • E. Sugar Gold Iron ore Furs Tobacco Multiple Choice • Which of the following explorers, sailing under the flag of Portugal, reached the west coast of India in 1498 after rounding the Cape of Good Hope and crossing the Indian Ocean? Multiple Choice • A. • B. • C. • D. • E. John Cabot Vasco da Gama Bartolomeo Dias Amerigo Vespucci Ferdinand Magellan Multiple Choice • “Religion supplies the pretext and gold the motive.” • This statement was a contemporary characterization of Multiple Choice • A. • • • • The launching of the Spanish Armada B. The execution of Charles I C. The posting of the Ninety-five Theses D. New religious orders such as the Ursulines and Jesuits E. Spanish and Portuguese expansion in the New World