Download Early Modern Era 500- 200 y/a

Early Modern Era
500- 200 y/a
Outline
• Unification of the four world zones.
• Europe becomes center of world system.
• Globalization stimulates commerce and the
colonization and exploitation of smaller zones.
• Exchange of fauna, flora and diseases.
• Rising middle-class ( Merchants, manufacturing)
• Protestantism leads to break in Christianity and
rise of science.
Portuguese Initiatives
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Arab cultural exchange and innovations.
Portugal and Spain push Muslims out of Iberia.
Circumvent Africa to India
Chronometer, maps, magnetic compass, the
caravel and lateen sail.
Henry The Navigator
Initiation of the slave trade.
Sugar plantations in the Azores.
Rapidly overtaken by Spanish
Critical Innovations
Gunpowder Revolution
• Charcoal, sulfur,
potassium nitrate
(saltpeter)
• Europeans improve on
Chinese by “corning”
• Harquebus out performs
crossbow.
• Stone fortifications no
match for cannons.
• Naval warfare
transformed with
mounted cannon.
The Great Voyages
• Columbus (Spain) 1492
• DeGama ( Portugal) 1497
• Magellan ( Spain ) 1522
• Treaty of Tordesillas 1494- Portuguese get
Indian Ocean and Brazil. Spain –The Americas
Great Explorations
DeGama
Magellan
Ottoman Empire: 15C-16C
• Turkish tribes under Osman following Mongol
collapse unite Islamic chiefdoms.
• Conquer Constantinople in 1453.
• Defeated at Vienna in 1529.
• 15th and 16th Century, extend control of southeast
Europe, Western Asia and Northern Africa.
• Block European access to the east.
• 17C and 18C –increase pressure from Russia and
Hapsburgs.
• Ends with World War I
Renaissance - c. 1430-1550
• Rebirth of Greek and Roman art and learning.
Aesthetics and beauty.
• Wealthy bankers and merchants in Florencede Medicis
• Arabic and Byzantine influence on Italian citystates and spreading through Europe.
• Humanism- The value of the human
experience. Life is more than a phase of
suffering awaiting the glory of heaven.
Renaissance
• Capitalism - wealth the source of class
divisions and a stimulus for innovation.
• A more secular world.
• Individualism
Reformation
• Erasmus, Luther, Calvin in early 16 C. lead the
attack on the sole authority and corruption of
the Catholic Church.
• Desire for more individual experience.
• Northern and western Europe.
• Printing press (1454) and increased literacy,
vernacular language and direct access to
scriptures.
Religious Wars
• Dutch- Spanish War ( 1568-1648) Dutch Calvinist
revolt leads to independence from Spain
• French Religious Wars (1562-1598) Catholics and
Huguenots. Edict of Nantes- truce and
reconciliation.
• 30 Years War (1618-1648) German states with
involvement of Swedes, Spanish and French.
• Peace of Westphalia (1648)- Each prince could
determine religion in own kingdom. Marked end
of religious wars.
Enlightenment
• Faith in reason to solve human problems.
• Challenge to authority and tradition.
• Optimism regarding unending human
progress.
• Increasing role of science.
• Galileo, Adam Smith, Locke, Newton.
• ? Seed to Revolutions in 17C- 18C
The Columbian Moment
• Begins European dominance in world trade.
• Initiates the worst genocide in world history70 million in 400 years.
• The great exchange Europe- horses, cattle,
pigs, wheat, rich and sugar. Americaspotatoes, maize, beans, squash, tomatoes.
• Redefines world power- A cheap source of
food and precious metals.
Spanish Advantage in the New World
• Defeat of much larger and militarily
sophisticated Aztecs ( Cortez ) and Incas
(Pizzaro)
• Guns, horses, swords, cannons and immunity
to Small Pox.
• Natives- No pack animals, limited metal
technology.
Imperialistic Goals
• Spanish – Exploitation of slave labor and
precious metals and religious conversion.
100 year head start.
• French – Primarily trade, least exploitive,
more adaptable to Indian culture
• Dutch- Trade but exploitive.
• British – Land and colonization, not slaves.
In the end most dangerous.
Exchange of Disease
• Europe- Small Pox, measles, influenza.
• Americas- Syphilis
• Africa- Malaria, Yellow Fever.
• Alcohol for tobacco
Major Trade Products
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Sugar- Brazil and Caribbean.
Spices and coffee- Southeast Asia
Cotton textiles- India
Silver, corn, and potatoes- South and
Mesoamerica.
Furs and tobacco- North America
Slaves- Africa
Guns- Europe
Rise of privateers and piracy
Pacific Conquest 1760s
Mercantilism
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Alliance between state and merchants.
Chartered companies hold trade monopolies.
Economics and politics interdependent.
Primarily Dutch and English. East India
Companies.
• Rise of privateers and piracy.
Rise of the Nation-State
• Nationality becomes more important than
religion and class.
• Powerful kings and bureaucracy to mobilize
power and finances.
• Professional military.
• Mercantilism
• Ideology
• France of Louis XIV, Prussia of Fredrick the Great
Core vs. Periphery
Winners
• Initially Portugal & Spain,
followed by England,
France, and Holland
• Strong politically, wage
labor.
• Finished goods and trading
companies.
Losers
• Latin America, Africa,
Southern U.S.
• Weak governments, slavery.
• Raw materials and
unprocessed goods.
Liberalism
• Middle class ( merchants and commercial
interests) take control from monarchs.
• Constitutionalism
• Civil Wars ( Holland 1609, England 1649 &
1688, United States 1776, France 1789, South
America 1820s)
• John Locke- Right to property and the consent
to be governed
Mughal Empire
• Barbur -descendant of Gengis Khan and
Tamerlane.
• Opulent wealth
• Challenged by Hindu states.
• 1523- 1858 CE. Defeated by British.
• Established an Islamic state in Northern India.
• Relative decline with European rise.
Military Developments
• Military culture- Unit organization and pride,
barracks, uniforms, drill and military parades.
• Weapons supplied by the state.
• Military law
• Flint-lock rifles and the socket bayonet.
• Western navies clearly outpace Ottomans and
Qing Chinese to control world trade.
World Transitions
Traditional
• Agrarian
• Local
• Human and animal labor
• Monarchies
Modern
• Urban
• Global
• Mechanization and fossil
fuels.
• Largely elected
governments.
Durant’s Wisdom
• Governments must establish order. Freedom
must be regulated, otherwise chaos.
• Discovery of America was the result of the
failure of the Crusades.
• The concentration of wealth is natural and
inevitable. Periodically redistribution occurs
violently or peacefully.