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Transcript
Plant Structures and Taxonomy notes Name______________________________ 1. Introduction ¨ ¨Without plants the web of life cannot exists and most animals and humans would die. 2. Plant Parts ¨Stems ¨ ¨Leaves ¨Flowers ¨ ¨Nuts 3. Basic necessities of Plant Life ¨For a plant to survive these basic needs must be met. ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ 4. ¨The largest part of the plant 5. Adventitious Roots ¨ ¨Prop up plants 6. Tap Roots ¨ ¨Grows straight down ¨ ¨Food storage organs so are often used for human and livestock food ¨Able to survive periods of drought ¨ ¨Examples of plants with taproots ¤Carrots ¤Sugar beets 7. Fibrous Roots ¨Generally thin ¨ ¨Numerous ¨Normally very shallow ¨ ¨ ¨Grasses & corn are good examples of fibrous root systems. 8. Root Tissues ¨A knowledge of the parts that make up the root is helpful in diagnosing disease and other dysfunctions of plants. 9.Root Cap ¨Outermost part of the root ¨ ¨A tough set of cells that are able to withstand the course conditions that the root encounters as it pushes its way through the soil ¨ 10. Area of Cell Division ¨Provides new cells that allow the root to grow longer ¨ ¤tougher cells replace those on the root cap ¤more tender cells are produced in the back of the tougher ones and are used as the root grows longer ¨ 11. Area of Cell Elongation ¨Become longer and specialized ¨ ¨ Start to do their specific job. 12. Xylem and Phloem ¨The most important cells in the root ¨Xylem ¤ ¨Phloem ¤ 13. Area of Cell Maturation ¨Cells become fully developed ¨ ¤Small, microscopic roots ¤ Rise from existing cells located on the root surface ¤ ¤ Small, tender and break easily ¤ Stems ¨ ¨Noticeable when leaves are gone ¨ ¨Support the leaves, flowers, and fruit Types of Stems ¨Above ground Stems ¤ ¤Herbaceous ¨Modified stems ¤ ¤Corms ¤Rhizomes ¤ Woody Stems ¨Tough ¨ ¨Able to survive cold winter climates Herbaceous Stems ¨ ¨Often green ¨ Bulbs ¨Shortened stems surrounded by modified leaves called scales. ¨Examples are: ¤ ¤ Corms ¨Thickened ¨Compact ¨Fleshy ¨Ex. Gladiolas Rhizomes ¨ ¨Examples: Johnson grass & Iris Tubers ¨ ¨We often eat this type of stem Parts of Stems ¨ ¨The xylem and phloem run the length of the stem and into the branches of the plant ¨In a subclass of plants called dicotyledons the xylem and phloem occur together in tissues called vascular bundles ¨In another subclass called monocotyledons the xylem and phloem occur in separate areas ¨External Parts ¤The node ¤Internodes ¤Axillary bud ¤Lenticels ¤Terminal bud ¨Internal Parts ¤Some of the same internal parts of the roots. ¤Xylem and phloem continue to run the length of the stem and in to all branches The Node ¨ The Internodes Axil and Axillary Bud Axil Bud Axillary Bud Lenticles Terminal Bud Vegetative Bud Flowering Bud Leaves ¨Manufacture food for the plant by using light energy ¨ ¨Some plants leaves will turn to allow full sunlight to shine on the leaf surface as the position of the sun changes during the day. ¤ nWithout phototropism plants would grow less Leaf Margins ¨ ¨Allow plants to be identified by the edge, shape, and arrangement of the leaves ¨ Leaf Shape and Form - Types of Leaves ¨Vary according to species ¨ ¨ ¨Two or more leaves arising from a stem are called compound leaves Leaf Parts ¨Petiole ¤ ¨ Blade ¤ Cuticle ¨ ¨Waxy ¨ Epidermis Palisade Cells & Spongy Layer Stoma -Allow for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen as well as water Guard Cells -They are responsible for opening and closing the stoma Flowers ¨ ¨Not all flowers are really flowers ¨The poinsettia and flowering dogwood have modified leaves called bracts ¤ Male Flower Parts ¨Stamen ¤It is made up of the filament, anther and pollen n n ¨Pollen is the male sexual reproductive cell Female Flower Parts ¨The pistil ¤ ¨ Stigma receives the pollen from the male ¨ ¨The ovary contains the ovules or eggs ¨Once fertilized by the pollen the eggs will ripen into seeds. Perfect vs. Imperfect Flowers ¨Must have all the parts mentioned previously. ¨ Binomial System Used in Classifying Plants ¨Identified by using the genus and the species because those names are not used in combination for any other plant or animal. ¨ ¨ Genus ¨A closely related and definable group of plants comprising of one or more species ¨It is customarily capitalized when written with a species name. ¨For example: Grain sorghums genus is sorghum Species ¨A group of plants or animals that all share similar structure, common ancestors and maintain their characteristics ¨The subgroup under genus ¨Generally not capitalized when written with its genus. ¨italicized ¨Example ¤ Grain sorghum’s species is vulgare ¨Sorghum vulgare Varieties ¨ ¨Subgroup of plants that were developed by people, as opposed to the species that originated in nature ¨ ¨Example ¤Triumph wheat. Summary ¨Plants are made up of many parts- stems, branches, leaves, flowers, fruit/nuts, roots ¨4 basic life needs-light, water, air, minerals ¨3 types of root systems- adventitious, tap & fibrous ¨Xylem-responsible for carrying water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant ¨Phloem- responsible for carrying manufactured food from the leaves to the rest of the plant for use or the roots for storage ¨Stems-Woody or Herbaceous, also modified stems- bulbs, corms, tubers and rhizomes ¨Dictoleydons- xylem and phloem occur together in vasular bundles ¨Monocotyledons- xylem and phloem occur seperately ¨Binomial system used to classify plants using a genus and species ¨Varieties are subgroups of plants developed by people rather than nature
