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PLANT REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction is natural “cloning.”
Parts of the plant, such as leaves or stems,
produce roots and become an independent
plant.
 List some benefits and some drawbacks to
asexual reproduction.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Sexual reproduction requires fusion of male
cells in the pollen grain with female cells in
the ovule.
 List some advantages and drawbacks to
sexual reproduction.

TERMS TO KNOW:
Haploid: having a single set of chromosomes
in each cell.
 Diploid: having two sets of chromosomes in
each cell.
 Mitosis: cell division, which produces two
genetically identical cells.
 Meiosis: reduction division, which produces
four haploid reproductive cells.

ANIMALS VS. PLANTS
Plant Reproduction Animal Reproduction
Life cycle
Alternation of
generations
No alternation of
generations
Gametes
Haploid gametes
Haploid gametes
Spores
Haploid spores
No spores
Gametes made Haploid gametophyte,
by
by mitosis
Spores made
by
Diploid sporophyte, by
meiosis
Diploid organism, by
meiosis
No spores
NON-FLOWERING PLANTS
Mosses, ferns, and related plants have motile,
swimming sperm.
 What kind of environmental conditions would
be required for reproduction in these plants?
 What kinds of limits does external
reproduction impose on these plants?

Flowers
FLOWER PARTS
Basic Flower Structure
stigma
locule
ovule
carpel
gynoecium
style
pollen
ovary
Flower is perfect
Flower is monoecious
anther
filament
stamen
androecium
petal
corolla
receptacle
pedicel
sepal
calyx
perianth
Perianth is complete
Some Example Stories:
Perfect Flowers: Pea exclusively self-pollinating
Hibiscus self-pollinating if not
crossed
Cherry self-incompatible only
outcrosses
Imperfect Flowers: Begonia unisexual but
monoecious
Holly unisexual and dioecious
Basic Flower Structure
Pistil is simple
locule
ovule
stigma
carpel
gynoecium
style
pollen
ovary
superior
Flower is perfect
Flower is monoecious
anther
filament
Flower is hypogynous
stamen
androecium
petal
corolla
receptacle
pedicel
sepal
calyx
perianth
Perianth is complete
Ovary Superior
Flower Hypogynous
Ovary Half-Superior
Flower Perigynous
Ovary Half-Inferior
Flower Epigynous
Ovary Inferior
Basic Flower Structure
Pistil is simple
locule
ovule
stigma
carpel
gynoecium
style
pollen
ovary
superior
Flower is perfect
Flower is monoecious
anther
filament
Flower is hypogynous
stamen
androecium
petal
corolla
receptacle
pedicel
sepal
calyx
This longitudinal section view
does not allow us to consider
perianth
Perianth is complete
Flower Formula: Symbol Sequence to Diagram Flow
Symmetry: *=radial
* 5, 5, , 5
†=bilateral
Number of Parts per Whorl:
• sepals in calyx
• petals in corolla
• stamens in
• carpels in
androecium
gynoecium
Fusion within whorl:
curved line over number
Fusion between whorls:
square bracket below numbers
Attachment of flower parts relative to ovary:
horizontal line
Ovary Superior
Flower Hypogynous
Ovary Half-Superior
1
Flower Perigynous
Ovary Half-Inferior
Flower Epigynous
Ovary Inferior
1
1
INCOMPLETE FLOWERS
Flowers are complete if they have all parts,
and perfect if they have both male and female
parts.
 Grass flowers: incomplete, usually imperfect
(separate male and female flowers)
 A tulip is complete (though the sepals are the
same color as the petals) and perfect.

GAMETOGENESIS: MALE
GAMETOGENESIS: FEMALE
DOUBLE FERTILIZATION
FLOWER TO FRUIT
OVULE TO SEED
SEED ANATOMY
SEED GERMINATION