Download Addition Polymerisation - Dover College Science

A2 CHEMISTRY NOTES - POLYMERS
Addition Polymerisation
This type of polymerization involves a small _________ with a carbon to carbon
_______ bond which opens to form a ______ chain polymer. The conditions under
which the polymer is formed can affect the ____________ of the product.
Monomer
Repeat Unit
Name
Use
Film for packaging
H
H
and bags, toys,
Poly(ethene)
bottles, coatings
C
C
H
H
H
CH3
C
C
H
H
H
C6 H5
C
C
H
H
H
CONH2
C
C
H
H
Poly(propene)
Poly(styrene)
H
Cl
C
C
H
H n
Poly(chloroethene)
Polyvinyl chloride
PVC
poly(propenamide)
H
OH
C
C
H
H
Poly(ethenol)
n
Milk cartons, rope,
outdoor carpeting
Transparent
containers, plastic
glasses, styrofoam
Pipe and tubing,
raincoats, curtains,
phonograph records,
luggage, floor tiles
Thickener and a
filler in facial
surgery. Is used to
make soft contact
lenses
Makes water soluble
laundry bags and
liquid detergent
capsules.
Addition polymers are ___-___________ as the strong C-C bonds are chemically
______.
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A2 CHEMISTRY NOTES - POLYMERS
Condensation Polymerisation
A condensation polymer usually involves two __________ monomers with different
functional groups. The monomers join elimination a small molecule, such as ______.
Monomer A + Monomer B  Condensation Polymer + Water
Dicarboxylic Acid + Diols
O
O
O
n HO-C-R-C-OH
n HO-R-OH
O
Repeat Unit:
Repeat Unit:
n HO-C-R-C- O-R-OH
+ n HOH
O
- C-R- C - O-R-O-
Dicarboxylic acids + diamines
O O
n HO-C-R-C-OH
O
n H2N-R-NH2
O
O
O
n HO-C-R-C- NH-R- NH2
+ n HOH
O
- C-R- C - HN-R-NH-
Amino Acids
O
O
n HO-C-R-OH
n HO-C-R-OH
O
O
n HO-C-R- O- C-R-OH
+ n HOH
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A2 CHEMISTRY NOTES - POLYMERS
Give the reaction and the repeating unit of the condensation polymer formed from:
1, 2-ethanediol and 1, 4 –butanedioic acid
1, 5-diaminopentane (called cadaverine) and 1, 3-methylpropanedioic acid
6 aminohexanoic acid
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A2 CHEMISTRY NOTES - POLYMERS
Nylon-6,6
In nylon, the repeating units contain chains of carbon atoms. There are various
different types of nylon depending on the nature of those chains. Nylon-6,6 is made
from two monomers each of which contain ___ carbon atoms . One of the monomers is a
6 carbon acid with a -COOH group at each end, __________ acid.
The other monomer is a 6 carbon chain with an amino group,
NH2, at each end. This is _________________.
When these two compounds polymerise, the amine and acid
groups combine, each time with the loss of a molecule of ________.
Repeat unit
.
Making nylon-6,6 in the lab
In the lab, it is easy to make nylon-6,6 at room temperature
using 1,6-diaminohexane and __________________ instead of
hexanedioic acid.
The only difference is that molecules of _____ are lost rather
than molecules of water.
Properties and uses of Nylon
Properties: Resists wear, tough, strong. It is used in textiles for _________ and
__________, a lot of nylon is used to make tyre cords. The fibres are also used in
______, and nylon can be cast into solid shapes for cogs and bearings in machines.
Biodegradability
The amide links are susceptible to _________ reactions. This is a slow reaction with
acids and gives the diol and diacids . The reaction with strong bases to give the diols
and ________ of the diacids is much quicker.
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A2 CHEMISTRY NOTES - POLYMERS
Kevlar
Kevlar is similar in structure to nylon-6,6 except that instead of the amide links joining
chains of carbon atoms together, they join benzene rings.
The two monomers are benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and 1,4-diaminobenzene.
If you line these up and remove ________ between the -COOH and -NH2 groups in the
same way as we did with nylon-6,6, you get the structure of Kevlar:
Repeat unit
Properties and Uses Kevlar
Properties: Resists high temperatures, low thermal conductivity,
high tensile _________ and is flame, chemical and cut resistant.
Kevlar is a very _______ material - about five times as strong as
steel, weight for weight. It is used in bulletproof vests, in
composites for boat construction, in lightweight mountaineering
ropes, and for lightweight skis and racquets - amongst many other
things.
Biodegradability
The amide links are susceptible to _________ reactions. This is a slow reaction with
acids and gives the diol and diacids . The reaction with strong bases to give the diols
and ______ of the diacids is much quicker.
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A2 CHEMISTRY NOTES - POLYMERS
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) also called terylene
What is a polyester?
A polyester is a polymer (a chain of repeating units) where the individual units are held
together by ________ linkages.
Making polyesters as an example of condensation polymerisation
A polyester is made by a reaction involving an acid with two -COOH groups, and an
alcohol with two -OH groups. In the common polyester drawn above:
The acid is ______________________.
The alcohol is _______________.
The monomers lose a molecule of water every time an ester linkage is made.
Repeat unit
Properties of Terylene
Polyester fibers like terylene are ________, they are very ________, absorb very
little _______ or moisture, do not __________ easily, withstand wear and tear. Thus
clothes made from polyester are long lasting.
Uses of terylene
Terylene, a polyester is used extensively in textile industry to make ________.
Biodegradability
The ester linkages are susceptible to __________ reactions. This is a slow reaction
with acids and gives the ____ and __________ . The reaction with strong bases to
give the diols and _______ of the diacids is much quicker.
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