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Electromagnetism Utilizing electricity to create and use magnetic fields Electricity and Magnetism • Relationship discovered in 1820 by Danish scientist Hans Christian Oersted • Electricity and Magnetism are different parts of one force called the electromagnetic force • Moving electric charges create a magnetic field Solenoids & Electromagnets • When a wire carrying a current is looped, the magnetic fields combine to make the wire act like a bar magnet • The field through the center is very strong. • Loop it more, it gets stronger Solenoids & Electromagnets • A coil of current-carrying wire that causes a magnetic field is called a solenoid • Place a ferromagnetic (iron based) material in the middle of the coil…you have an electromagnet (This greatly increases the strength of the magnetic field produced by a solenoid) Solenoids & Electromagnets • Changing the current in the wire controls the strength and direction of the magnetic field produced • The current can also be used to turn the magnetic field on and off. Scientists manipulate current and magnets when making devices we use every day Solenoids & Electromagnets • The strength of an electromagnet depends on: – The current in the solenoid (more current more strength) – The number of loops in the coil (more loops more strength) – The type of material in the core Electromagnetic Devices • Electromagnets can take electrical energy (from the moving electrons in current) and change it into motion that can do work • Electromagnetic devices thus change electrical energy into mechanical energy – Door bells – Electric motors – Loudspeakers – Galvanometers Galvanometers • Measure small amounts of current using a solenoid • Used in gas gauges where a sensor in the gas tank reduces current as the tank gets low Electric Motors • Use an electromagnet to turn an axle • When current flows, one side of the armature is pushed and the other is pulled • Current continues to change direction, which causes the axle to spin Electromagnets at Work!