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The Final Phase
Gettysburg Address
• Considered one of the greatest and most
quoted speeches of all-time.
• Dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery
at Gettysburg, November 19, 1863.
Gettysburg Review
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The Battle of Gettysburg began over…
Who controlled the town after the first day?
Name one of the three Union positions.
Union victory was possible mostly do to the fact
that they kept the ________________.
• Which Confederate general led the charge on
Cemetery Ridge?
• Name one significant outcome of the Battle of
Gettysburg.
Medical Advances
Amputations
 If you were shot in one of your extremities, you
usually had only one option.
It was the treatment of choice, because of the
amount of wounded. 75% made it!
With a limited supply of water, surgeons did not
wash hands or instruments.
Hospital Design
The idea of separating the hospital into different
wards by affliction.
This helped stop the spread of disease.
The Civil War hospital design is still used today.
Embalming
The practice of temporarily preserving human
remains for burial.
Ambulances
Medical transportation needed to be improved
during the course of the war.
New medical train boxcars and new carriage
ambulances were used.
The Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi
May – July 4, 1863
Generals: Ulysses S. Grant vs. John Pemberton
Reason For Attack: Take full control over the
Mississippi River.
Battle: 5 smaller battles are fought over difficult
terrain – Swamplands, hillsides, forests.
- Eventually Grant surrounds Vicksburg for a
6-week siege.
Outcome: Union Victory
Significance:
a. Pemberton surrenders to the Union on July 4
b. The Union completes its plan to capture the
entire Mississippi River.
c. The last main battle of the Western Theater.
d. Ulysses S. Grant will be recognized as the
supreme commander of the Union forces.
“If you can’t feed us, you had better
surrender, horrible as the idea is, than
suffer this noble army to disgrace
themselves by desertion.”
Lee vs. Grant
Robert E. Lee
Second in his class at West Point – No Demerits.
Served in the U.S. Army – Mexican-American War.
Crafty and daring battlefield tactician.
Beloved and Iconic figure of American History
Ulysses S. Grant
Average West Point Graduate.
Served in the Mexican-American War.
Heavy drinker: Military man.
Developed the War of Attrition – Had Alligator Blood.
Remembered as one of the Great American
Generals in history.
The Wilderness, Virginia
May 5-6, 1864
Generals: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Robert E. Lee
Reason For Attack: March to Richmond
Battle: First battle between Lee and Grant. Heavy
casualties, but no defined winner.
Outcome: Confederate Victory
Significance:
a. Despite heavy casualties, Grant does not
retreat to Washington. Instead, he keeps
pushing towards Richmond.
Spotsylvania Court House, Virginia
May 10-19, 1864
Generals: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Robert E. Lee
Reason For Attack: Continued march to Richmond
Battle:
- Intensive Trench Warfare
- On May 12, Union attacked near “Bloody Angle” –
24 hours of straight hand-to-hand combat.
Outcome: Confederate Victory
Significance:
a. Grant lost over 30,000 men and 20,000 went
home when their enlistments ended. Still,
Grant pushed forward.
b. Grant vowed to “fight it out along this line if it
takes all summer.”
“We have met a man this time, who either
does not know when he is whipped, or who
cares not if he loses his whole army.”
Review of Material
• What procedure usually had to be preformed if
a soldier was shot in their arm or leg?
• Name a Civil War medical advancement.
• Lincoln gave this speech in dedication of the
Soldiers’ National Cemetery.
• Name the Supreme Union Commander?
• Name the Supreme Confederate Commander?
• How does Grant’s campaign against the
Confederates differ from previous generals?
• What tactic does Grant use?
Cold Harbor, Virginia
June 3, 1864
Generals: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Robert E. Lee
Reason For Attack: Continued march to Richmond.
Battle:
- Confederates entrench at Cold Harbor. Grant
orders several frontal assaults on the Confederate
positions.
- Union loses 7,000 men in 20 minutes – Officers
refuse another attack
Outcome: Confederate victory
Significance:
a. Grant calls off the direct assault but does not
retreat. Instead he keeps moving down Virginia
and settles down to besiege Petersburg.
Siege of Petersburg, Virginia
June, 1864 – April, 1865
Generals: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Robert E. Lee
Reason for Attack: Cut supply lines to Richmond. If
Petersburg falls… Richmond will fall.
Battle: Union settle into a 9-month siege, which saw the
worse trench warfare in history. (Until WWI)
Outcome: Union Victory
Significance:
a. The Union controlled the supply center for the
Confederate Capital of Richmond.
b. General Lee was forced to retreat to the west,
leaving Petersburg and Richmond to the
Union.
*Last real engagement of the Civil War.
General William Sherman
He was a soldier, a businessman, an
educator, and a author.
Received recognition for his Outstanding
military strategies and criticism for the
harshness of the “scorched earth” policy.
“You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War
is cruelty, and you cannot refine it; and those who
brought war into our country deserve all the curses
and maledictions a people can pour out. I know I had
no hand in making this war, and I know I will make
more sacrifices to-day than any of you to secure
peace. But you cannot have peace and a division of
our country. If the United States submits to a division
now, it will not stop, but will go on until we reap the
fate of Mexico, which is eternal war.
[...] I want peace, and believe it can only be reached
through union and war, and I will ever conduct war
with a view to perfect and early success.
But, my dear sirs, when peace does come, you may call
on me for anything. Then will I share with you the last
cracker, and watch with you to shield your homes and
families against danger from every quarter.”
-Sherman-
Sherman’s March To The Sea
September to December 1864
Reason for Attack: – The idea of “Total War,” on
the South – “I will make Georgia howl”
1st – Sherman enters Atlanta in September, 1864
– General Johnston and Hood burn the city
as they retreat into Tennessee.
2nd – November – 60,000 men march to
Savannah, destroying everything in their way –
300 miles long by 60 miles wide.
Significance:
- Helped Lincoln get reelected.
- Demoralized the South: Both economically
and their ability to wage war.
Review of Material
Name one significant outcome from the Siege
of Petersburg.
What Union general is famous for his March to
the Sea?
What type of warfare did Sherman practice?
How did Sherman’s March affect the North?
What was the main argument against
conscription?
Who were the Copperheads?
Where did Lee surrender his army?
There were four terms for surrender… Name
one of them.
1865 – Final Drive to Union Victory
General Grant finally breaks through the
Petersburg line → Lee is forced to retreat
and evacuate Richmond (April 2).
Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia
April 9, 1865 – General Lee is forced to surrender
to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.
Surrender Terms:
1. Confederate officers could keep their sidearm's
2. All soldiers could keep their horses or mules.
3. Soldiers must return to their homes and not
take up arms against the Union army again.
4. 25,000 rations were issued by the Union army
for the starving Confederates.
“ The war is over, the rebels are our countryman
again.” – Grant
“I have done for you all that it was in my power to
do. You have done all your duty. Leave the
result to God. Go to your homes and resume
your occupations. Obey the laws and become
as good citizens as you were soldiers.” – Lee
Election of 1864
 Northern opposition towards the war…
- Conscription (The Draft)
- The cost of War
 Draft Criticism – “It was designed to force white
working-class men to fight for the freedom of African
Americans who would then come north and steal
their jobs.”
 Copperheads – Northern Democrats who
sympathized with the South.
• Nominees
Republican – Abraham Lincoln
Democratic – George McClellan
Outcome:
Lincoln wins by a landslide taking all but two
of the Union states.
The Assassination of Lincoln
After the news of Appomattox reached
Washington, A crowd gathered outside of the
Whitehouse expecting a Lincoln victory speech.
Instead, Lincoln ordered the band to play Dixie
and he went to bed…
Dixie
Elvis Dixie
“Fellow citizens, we cannot
escape history.”
• On hearing the news of Lee’s surrender,
John Wilkes Booth went to the local bar
and “drank to his sorrows.”
• A month early, Booth devised a
plan to kidnap the President.
• Soon, Booth changed his mind
and turned to assassination.
• April 14, 1865 – Good Friday… That night,
Lincoln and his wife attend the play, Our
American Cousin.
• Booth’s Plan…
• “She won’t think anything about it.”
• “Sic semper tyrannis!”
Booth tries to escape…
The goal of the conspirators…
By taking out the heads of the Union
government, Booth believed he could
revive the South's war effort.
However, It had the opposite effect…
JFK and Lincoln Coincidences
- Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846
- Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946
- Lincoln was elected president in 1860
- Kennedy was elected president in 1960
- Lincoln was succeeded, after assassination, by vice-president Johnson
- Kennedy was succeeded, after assassination, by vice-president Johnson
- Andrew Johnson was born in 1808
- Lyndon Johnson was born in 1908
- Lincoln was shot in a theatre named Ford
- Kennedy was shot in a car made by Ford
- Kennedy was shot in a car named Lincoln
- Lincoln was shot in a theatre and his assassin ran to a warehouse
- JFK was shot from a warehouse and his alleged assassin ran to a theatre
- Lincoln's assassin had a three-worded name, John Wilkes Booth
- Kennedy's alleged assassin had a three-worded name, Lee Harvey Oswald
- John Wilkes Boothe was born in 1839
- Lee Harvey Oswald was born in 1939
Test Review
Things to know…
- Vocabulary Words
- People!!!
- Identify The State
- The Emancipation Proclamation
- Women and Advances (Technical & Medical)
- Important Battles – Don’t forget Gettysburg!
- 54th Massachusetts Regiment
- Be able to Identify one Battle completely!
Consequences of the Civil War
• Human Costs – 360,000 Union soldiers and
258,000 Confederate soldiers died during
the struggle.
• Southern Economy – In shambles… Two
ideas – South is physically destroyed and
the impact of emancipation.
• The North – Economic boom and expansion.
• Slavery – 13th Amendment ended slavery in
the United States.
• Republican Party – Becomes a dominant force
in American politics.