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Appendicular Skeleton- Hind Limb • Connected to the axial skeleton at sacroiliac joint Pelvic Limb: • Pelvis – Ilium – Pubis – Ischium • • • • • • Femur Tibia Fibula Tarsal bones (tarsus) Metatarsal bones Phalanges • Develops as three separate bones that fuse • 2 sides halves join at the pelvic/pubic __________________. • Socket of ball and socket joint is the __________________. – _____________ • Cranial most bone of pelvis • “Wings of the ilium” dogs and cats. • “Tuber coxae ” cattle and horses – _____________ • Most caudal pelvic bone • Tailbone is ischial tuberosity. – _____________ • Smallest of the pelvic bones Pelvis Femur • Proximal end: head forms hip joint, greater _______________ is where muscles attach. • Distal end: medial and lateral condyles which form the _____________ (knee) – The trochlea is between the condyles and contains a groove that the patella fits in. Patella • Kneecap is largest ___________ bone in the body. • In the distal tendon of the ____________ femoris muscle • Helps to protect tendon as it passes down over the trochlea of the femur. • Patellar luxation: when trochlear groove is not deep enough to contain patella so it slips in and out of place. Fabellae • Two small __________ bones located in the proximal gastrocnemius (calf muscle). – Located cranial to the femoral condyles. • Not present in cattle or horses. • Forms stifle joint proximally. • Forms ___________ (ankle) distally with tarsal bones. • Tibial _______________ continues distally down the femur as the tibial crest, where patellar tendon attaches. • Medial __________ is medial to distal articular surface and is called “knob” of ankle. • Forms stifle joint proximally. • Does not support significant weight. • Complete in dogs and cats. Horses and cattle do not have shaft of fibula. • Forms lateral ____________ at distal end. Tibia (shin) Fibula • aka ankle or “hock” • Consists of two rows of tarsal bones (similar to carpal bones in wrist). – Proximal row: tibial tarsal (with ______________), fibular tarsal (with ______________), and central tarsal bone – Distal row is numbered from medial to lateral • Calcaneal tuberosity forms the point of the hock. Site of attachment for tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle (aka _____________ tendon) Tarsal Bones Metatarsal Bones • Almost identical to metacarpals – exception: dogs and cats usually only have metatarsals II – V • Horses/Cattle same as front leg. Almost identical to phalanges on thoracic limb exception: dogs and cats usually only have digits II – V Horses/Cattle same as front leg. • Bones that form in soft organs (___________) • Are not found in every animal • Examples – os cordis: in heart of cattle and sheep that supports the valves – os penis: in penis of dogs, beaver, raccoons, and walruses that partially surrounds the urethra – os rostri: in nose of swine that strengthens snout for rooting/digging Visceral Skeleton • Junctions between bones • Can be moveable or immovable. • Arthro and articular refer to joints. Joints • 3 Types of joints: – Fibrous Joints • Immovable; joined by fibrous tissue • Sutures of skull bones, splint bones in horses – Cartilaginous Joints • Slightly moveable • Vertebral disks between vertebrae, Pelvic and mandibular symphyses – Synovial Joints • Freely moveable • Shoulder, stifle, elbow, etc Characteristics of Synovial Joints • ________________ cartilage covering articular surfaces • Fluid-filled joint cavity (joint space) • Enclosed by a joint ____________ – Synovial membrane- outer membrane that produces: • Synovial fluid- lubricates joint surfaces • Ligaments – fibrous (_____________) connective tissue that join bones to other bones. Synovial Joint Movements • Flexion and Extension – Increase (extension) or decrease (flexion) angle between two bones • Adduction and Abduction – Move an extremity toward (Adduction) or away from (Abduction) medial plane • Rotation – Twisting movement of a part on its own axis • Circumduction – Movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle Types of Synovial Joints • Hinge Joints – Only capable of flexion and extension • Gliding Joints – Rocking motion of one joint surface on another – Primarily capable of flexion and extension • Pivot Joints – One bone rotates on another • Ball-and-socket joints – Allow for all joint movements