Download Ch7 pt4

Appendicular Skeleton
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Connected to the axial skeleton at sacroiliac joint
Pelvic Limb:
• Pelvis
– Ilium
– Pubis
– Ischium
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Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones (tarsus)
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
• Each half is made of three separate bones
that fuse at the pelvic/pubic
________________________.
• Socket of hip joint is the
________________________.
• An obturator foramen is found on each
side.
– _____________= most cranial bones of
pelvis
• “Wings of the ilium” dogs and cats.
• “Tuber coxae ” cattle and horses
– _______________= most caudal pelvic
bones
– _____________ = smallest pelvic bones
Pelvis
Femur
• Proximal end: head forms hip
joint, ________________ is
where muscles attach.
• Distal end: medial and lateral
condyles which form the
_____________ (knee)
– The trochlea is between the
condyles and contains a
groove that the patella fits
in.
Patella
• Kneecap is largest _________________ bone in the body.
• Located in the tendon of the _________________ femoris muscle
• Patellar luxation: when trochlear groove is not deep enough to
contain patella so it slips in and out of place.
Fabellae
• Two small sesamoid bones located in the tendon of the
gastrocnemius (calf muscle).
– Located proximal to the femoral condyles.
• Not present in cattle or horses.
• Forms stifle joint proximally.
• Forms ______________ (ankle) distally.
• Tibial _________________ continues distally
down the femur as the tibial crest, where
patellar tendon attaches.
• Medial __________________ forms medial
“knob” of ankle.
• Forms stifle joint proximally.
• Does not support significant weight.
• Complete in dogs and cats. Horses and
cattle do not have shaft of fibula.
• Lateral _________________ at distal end.
Tibia
Fibula
• aka ankle or “hock”
• Consists of two rows of bones
– Proximal row: tibial tarsal (with
______________), fibular tarsal (with
___________________________), and
central tarsal bone
– Distal row is numbered from medial to
lateral
• Calcaneal tuber(osity) forms the point of the
hock. Site of attachment for tendon of the
gastrocnemius muscle (aka ________________
tendon)
Tarsal Bones
Metatarsal
Bones
• Almost identical to
metacarpals

– exception: dogs
and cats usually
only have
metatarsals II – V
• Horses/Cattle same
as front leg.
Almost identical to
phalanges on
thoracic limb


exception: dogs
and cats usually
only have digits
II – V
Horses/Cattle
same as front leg.
• Bones that form in soft organs (___________)
• Are not found in every animal
– os cordis: in heart of cattle and sheep that supports the valves
– os penis: in penis of dogs, beaver, raccoons, and walruses that
partially surrounds the urethra
– os rostri: in nose of swine that strengthens snout for
rooting/digging
Visceral Skeleton
• Junctions between bones
• Can be moveable or immovable.
• Arthro and articular refer to joints.
Joints
• 3 Types:
– Fibrous
• Immovable; joined by fibrous tissue
• Sutures of skull bones, splint bones
in horses
– Cartilaginous
• Slightly moveable
• Vertebral disks between vertebrae,
Pelvic and mandibular symphyses
– Synovial
• Freely moveable
• Shoulder, stifle, elbow, etc
Characteristics of Synovial Joints
• __________________ cartilage covering
articular surfaces
• Fluid-filled joint cavity (joint space)
• Enclosed by a joint _______________
– Synovial membrane- outer
membrane that produces:
• Synovial fluid- lubricates joint
surfaces
• Ligaments – dense, regular connective
tissue that join bones to other bones.
Synovial Joint Movements
• Flexion and Extension
– Increase (extension) or decrease
(flexion) angle between two bones
• Adduction and Abduction
– Move an extremity toward
(Adduction) or away from (Abduction)
medial plane
• Rotation
– Twisting movement of a part on its
own axis
• Circumduction
– Movement of an extremity so that the
distal end moves in a circle
Types of Synovial Joints
• Hinge Joints
– Only capable of flexion and
extension
• Gliding Joints
– Rocking motion of one joint
surface on another
– Primarily capable of flexion and
extension
• Pivot Joints
– One bone rotates on another
• Ball-and-socket joints
– Allow for all joint movements