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Download APPLYING PRINCIPLES OF PLANT SCIENCE
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APPLYING PRINCIPLES OF PLANT SCIENCE AGRISCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TEXT Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office July, 2002 August 2008 HOW ARE PLANTS AND ANIMALS DIFFERENT ? • Plants take in nutrients and make their own food : Animals depend on plants for food. • Plants are not mobile,anchored in soil : Animals are mobile. • Plants have rigid cell walls : Animals have cell membranes (no cell walls) • Plants take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen : Animals take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. August 2008 HOW ARE PLANTS AND ANIMALS ALIKE ? • Both have life cycles. • Both carry on life processes: circulation, respiration and growth. • Both are made of cells. • Both plants and animals must have food. August 2008 FACTORS THAT AFFECT PLANT GROWTH • TEMPERATURE - Some plants are cool season crops and others are warm season crops. • PRECIPITATION - Plants vary in the amount of water they need. • LIGHT - Plants vary in the amount of light they need: referred to as a plants photoperiod. August 2008 TYPES OF GROWING SEASONS • COOL SEASON - Life cycle begins in the fall and ends when summer begins : examples include wheat, rye, oats and some varieties of vegetables. • WARM SEASON - Life cycles begins after last frost until the first frost in the fall : Examples include bananas, papaya, oranges, tomatoes, cotton, corn and soybean. August 2008 CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS ACCORDING TO THEIR LIFE CYCLE • ANNUALS - Plants that complete their life cycle in one year. • BIENNIALS - Plants that complete their life in two seasons. • PERENNIALS Plants that live more than two growing seasons. August 2008 VEGETATIVE PARTS OF PLANTS • LEAVES - Make food for the plant through a process known as photosynthesis. • STEMS - Transport water and other material between the leaves and roots; supports the leaves, fruit and other structures. • ROOTS - Anchors the plant; takes in water and minerals and stores food. August 2008 TWO MAJOR KINDS OF LEAVES • SIMPLE - Has only one blade; examples are corn, oak tree, sugar maple, elm tree and wheat. • COMPOUND Divided into two or more leaflets; examples are clover, roses and locust trees. August 2008 THREE PATTERNS OF LEAF ARRANGEMENT • ALTERNATE - Only one leaf is located at each node on a stem. • OPPOSITE - Leaves are attached at a node opposite each other. • WHORLED - Three or more leaves are attached at each node. August 2008 FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM • Stems support the leaves and hold them so that they can get sunlight. • Stems support flowers, fruit and other structures. • Stems transport water and other material. • Stems grow. • Stems store food (potato). August 2008 KINDS OF STEMS • AERIAL STEMS Grow above the ground. • SUBTERRANEAN STEMS - Grow below the ground. August 2008 SUBTERRANEAN STEMS • TUBERS - Potatoes • CORMS - Gladiolus and garlic • BULBS - Onions and tulips • RHIZOMES Johnson grass August 2008 STEMS CLASSIFIED BY AMOUNT OF WOODY MATERIAL IN THE STEM • SINGLE WOODY TRUNKS - Trees • WOODY STEMS - Shrubs and many crop plants • HERBACEOUS STEMS - Many flowering, vegetable and crop plants. August 2008 KINDS OF ROOT SYSTEMS • TAPROOT - Has one main root that grows downward; pine trees, carrots and beets are examples. • FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEMS - Has many small roots and spread out through the soil; wheat, corn, soybeans and tomatoes are examples. August 2008 COMMON KINDS OF TROPISM • PHOTOTROPISM - Plants growing or turning in the direction of light. • GEOTROPISM - Plants respond to gravity; involves the roots growing downward. • THIGMOTROPISM - Plants respond to solid objects; plants will grow around or over objects such as rocks and sidewalks; or a tree growing around a fence wire. August 2008