Download Carbon and Hydrocarbons

Chp 22 pg 668
A. Abundance and Importance of Carbon
Structure and bonding of carbon
a. Has nonmetallic properties
b. Electron configuration of 1s22s22p2
c. 4 valence electrons – 2s and 2p electrons
d. Like to covalently bond
e. Can form single, double, or triple bonds
1.
2. Allotropes of Carbon
a. Allotrope – different forms of the same element
b. Diamond
1) Colorless crystal solid made of carbon
2) Hardest known material
3) Extremely high melting
point (3500C)
4) Covalent bonds form a network
5) Used for cutting, grinding, and drilling
6) Conducts heat but not electricity
a) Heat – atoms can vibrate and transfer heat
easily
b) Electricity – all electrons are used and can’t be
transferred
c. Graphite
1) Very soft
2) Feels greasy and crumbles
3) Bonded in hexagonal layers
4) Layers too far apart to be held with covalent bonds
– use London dispersion forces
5) Layers can slide past each other – can be used in
pencils and for lubricant
6) Can use it in graphite fibers
a) Stronger and stiffer than steel
b) Less dense than steel
c) Works as long as force is
parallel to layers
d. Fullerenes
1) Formed from burned carbon w/limited oxygen
2) Spherical shapes – C60
3) Named buckminsterfullerene
4) Aka – buckyball
B. Organic Compounds
Intro
a. All organic compounds have carbon
b. Not all compounds with carbon are organic
1) Na2CO3,
2) CO and CO2
c. Organic compound – covalently bonded compounds
with carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides
1.
2. Carbon Bonding
a. Electron structure allows many different structures
1) Rings and chains
2) Bond to itself or other things
3) Single, double, or triple bonding
Citric Acid
Plastic bags
Aspirin
Living things
b. Carbon – carbon bonding
1) Can form
a) Straight chains
b) Branched chains
c) Rings (benzene)
2) Can be single/double/triple bonded
c. Carbon bonding to other elements
1) Hydrocarbons – have only carbon and hydrocarbons
2) Hydrocarbon backbone – other elements are bonded
onto carbon (O,N,S)
d. Arrangement of Atoms
1) Different arrangement of elements gives different
properties
2) Isomers – compounds with same chemical formula but
different shape
Ex. C2H6O is both ethanol and dimethyl ether
3. Structural Formulas
a. Show number and type of atoms present and their
arrangement
b. Can be simplified
4. Isomers
a. Can differ in bonding order or arrangement in space
b. Example – C3H8
c. Arrangement in space - Trans and Cis
1) Have to have a rigid backbone to form (double
bond)
2) Cis – atoms on same side
3) Trans – atoms on opposite sides
C. Saturated Hydrocarbons
Each carbon atom forms four single bonds
2. Alkanes
a. Only have single bonds
b. Finding chemical formula
1) CnH2n+2
2) n = 4 what is the chemical formula?
1.
C4H10
3. Cycloalkanes
a. Carbon atoms arranged in ring
b. Often structure is simplified
Cyclopentane
4. Names of Alkanes
a. Prefixes Number of Carbon
Prefix
Atoms
1
Meth –
2
Eth –
3
Prop –
4
But –
5
Pent –
6
Hex –
7
Hept –
8
Oct –
9
Non –
10
Dec –
b. Unbranched chain
1) Count the carbons
2) Pick the prefix
3) Add suffix –ane
1
2
3
4
5
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
Pentane
c. Branched chain
1) Alkyl group
a) Group of atoms formed when 1 hydrogen is taken
away from backbone
b) Naming
i. Take away suffix –ane
ii. Put on –yl
2) Naming the chain
a) Find longest carbon backbone
b) Add –ane to the prefix
c) Name the alkyl groups
i. Put in alphabetical order
ii. If there is more than 1 put, di, tri, tetra, etc. in front
d) Number the backbone so alkyls have lowest number
possible
e) Put in position numbers
f) Punctuate
i. Hyphen to separate number from name
ii. Separate numbers with commas
Examples
1. What is the name of this structure?
2. What is the name of this structure?
2-methylpropane
3. What is the name of this structure?
2,3-dimethylhexane
4. Draw this structure:
3-ethyl-2,4,5-trimethyloctane
3) Naming cycloalkanes
a) Use rules for alkane nomenclature
b) Add cyclo- to the parent hydrocarbon
c) Add alkyl groups
i. Alkyl group is always 1
ii. Number so all alkyl groups have lowest number
possible
d) Insert position numbers
e) Punctuate the name
Examples
1. What is the name of this molecule?
ethyl-2,5-dimethylcycloheptane
2. Draw this molecule
1,3-dimethylcyclohexane
D. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons that not all carbon atoms have four
single covalent bonds
2. Alkenes
a. Have a double bond
b. Naming
1) Count longest carbon chain w/double bond
2) Put –ene on the prefix
3) Number where double bond is located
1.
3. Alkynes
a. Hydrocarbon w/a triple bond
b. Naming
1) Count longest carbon chain w/triple bond
2) Add –yne to the prefix
3) Add number for where triple bond is located
Examples of alkenes
Examples of alkynes
4. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
a. 6-membered carbon ring
b. Benzene (C6H6)
c. Naming
1) Follow alkane rules
2) Start with name benzene
3) Put alkyle group name in front of benzene
Example
1. Draw the strucutre for 1,2-dimethylbenzene
2. What is this compound?
1-ethyl-2-methylbenzene
3. What is the structure for
3-butyl-6ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene