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Princes and Popes
Ancient History Review Timeline
 1.) Creation
 2.) River Valley Civilizations (Nile, Euphrates, Hindus)
 3.) Greek Civilizations
 4.) Roman Civilizations
 5.) Islam Begins
 6.) Christianity in the “dark ages”
Section 1 – Reforms in the Church
 What were the reasons for reform in the church during
Medieval Times?
 Moral Corruption
 Neglect of church duties for person gain
 Needed protection from Vikings for their land
 Churchmen became vassals divided between church and
feudal lords
 Lay-investiture – kings and nobles appointed officials
and invest them with their religious authority
 Unqualified leaders
 Enticed by money.
 List and describe the measures of reform that began in
910
 Forbid Simony-buying and selling of religious or blessed
articles or church offices
 Freed church from secular control
 Restore dignity of the papacy
 Cistercians – monks live in seclusion and strict
discipline

Bernard of Clairvaux – most zealous member
 College of Cardinals – churchmen choose the pope
Cistercians
Bernard of Clairvaux
How did the clash between church
and state lead to Henry IV’s
penitence at Canossa and the
Concordat of Worms?
 Pope Gregory VII wanted church free from secular
control and prohibited lay –investiture
 Emperor Henry IV – didn’t obey and called the Pope a
“false monk”….so the pope excommunicated him
 1077 – Henry begged barefoot in the snow!
 Concordat of Worms – recognized the right of the
church to elect its own bishops and abbots and to
invest them with spiritual authority.
Henry IV
Gregory VII
Describe the new religious orders
founded in the 13th century.
 Monks lead lives of seclusion
 Franciscan and Dominican friars labored for reform by
living and preaching among the people (mendicant
orders)
 Francis of Assisi founded Franciscan order and gave up
wealth
 Dominic battled heresy by educating. They would
lead education and the Inquisition
Francis of Assisi
Describe the rule of Innocent III at
the zenith of the papacy.
 Wealth
 Power
 Even humbled the kings
(not positively)
List and describe the weapons that
the popes directed against those
who opposed them.
 1.) Excommunication
 2.) Interdict
 3.) Inquisition
Describe the character and results
of the Medieval Reform
 Provided not lasting solutions
 Compounded problems
 Didn’t focus on inward cleansing
Describe the founding of the
German kingdom after the death
of Charlemagne
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Grandson divided kingdom (p. 109)
Needed protection from Magyars
Created Dukes who protected duchy.
Elected Henry the Fowler
 Allowed dukes to maintain authority
 Repelled invaders and expanded eastward
 Otto I, Henry’s son, was strong and forced authority over
dukes.
 Supported by churchmen and defeated Magyars
 Magyars settled in the Danube Valley and are known as
Hungarians
Charlemagne
Henry the Fowler
Otto I
Describe the establishment of the
Holy Roman Empire
 Italy was divided and warring
 Otto crossed Alps and took Lombardy
 10 yrs. Later took Rome
 Church wanted protection…sooo……….
Explain why the Holy Roman
Empire was called “holy,” “Roman,”
and an “empire”.
 Pope crowned Otto emperor
 Association created “Holy Roman Empire” between
Germany and Italy….but not holy, roman, or an empire
 Later kings saw themselves as decedents of
Charlemagne and Caesar
List the conflicts that weakened the
Holy Roman Empire and would
prevent Germany and Italy from
unifying as early as many of the
other European countries.
 1.) Conflict of Interest
 Germany intervening in Italian affairs
 Otto III building castle in Rome…rest of Germans left
behind…but growing in power.
 2.) Conflict with the popes
 Emperors began choosing popes….taking their power
 The disagreement between Henry IV and Gregory VII…but
Henry was mad!
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He returned home, crushed German nobles, captured Rome,
appointed new pope.
Gregory had to flee and died within the year
Innocent III helped gain church power again
Otto III
 3.) Conflict with Nobles
 Most damaging conflict
 Emperors were concerned with Rome…so German
nobles grew in power
 A new royal line, Salian House, took over (House of
Henry IV)
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They couldn’t establish a centralized monarchy
After Henry’s son’s death, civil war broke out
Leading to Feudalism and duchies became states
Do you Remember Feudalism?
 1152 – Princes wanted to end civil wars
 Elected Fredrick I (Barbarossa) of the Hohenstaufen
House, king.
 Wanted to build “holy empire”….and once again
meddled in Italy
 Married son to heiress of Sicily
 Fredrick II – last notable Hohenstaufen ruler,
inherited German and Sicilian kingdoms
 He is high cultured and educated, was the ward of
Innocent III
Barbarossa
Fredrick II
 Fredrick promised to leave Sicily alone, but after
Innocent’s death, he went to take it and Italy
over….leaving Germany alone once again
 Papacy fought him
 Fredrick died 1250 – end of Holy Roman Empire.
 Italy and Germany would not be reunited till 19th
century as unified national states.
General Timeline
 Roman Britain
 Angles and Saxons invade
 Danish Vikings Invade
 Alfred the Great pushed back Danes and laid a
foundation for a unified English monarchy
 England fell to the Danish ruler Canute
 Anglo-Saxons drove out the Danes and placed Edward
the Confessor on the throne
 Battle of Hastings
 William the Conqueror brings centralized feudalism
from Normandy to Britain
 Henry II strengthened royal authority
 Magna Carta limited the king’s power
 Edward I established Parliament
Describe how the Angle Saxons
occupied and changed Britain
 Romans had to leave in 5th century to protect Roman
territory on “the continent”
 Angles and Saxons invaded Britain
 They established kingdoms and called the land “Angle
land”
Explain why Alfred was called “the
Great” including how he
strengthened the Anglo-Saxon
practice of local government.
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Protected a helpless England from the Danes
He conquered southern England
Set up a monarchy
Built a navy, churches, schools
Divided realm called shires ruled by shire-reeve
Built schools and churches
Monks compiled Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
Had great character
Alfred the Great
Explain why William the conqueror
invaded England
 A century after Alfred, England fell to Danish ruler,
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Canute
His later rulers were weak, so Anglo-Saxons drove out
the Danes and made Edward the Confessor king
A descendant of Alfred
Known as “confessor” b/c of his devotion to God
1066, Edward dies, and his cousin William says throne
was promised to him…English nobles elected Harold
instead
William gets pope’s permission, and invades England
Edward the Confessor
William the Conqueror
Harold, Early of Wessex
 Oct. 14, 1066 – William and Harold meet and fight the
Battle of Hastings
 It wasn’t just about kings! It alters English history
 Harold killed, Anglo-Saxons defeated
 William the Conqueror established Norman dynasty
Battle of Hastings
List and describe the steps that
William the Conqueror took to
establish centralized feudalism in
Britain
 Brought Norman feudalism; William was feudal lord
 Divided land among military followers, and they were
called tenant-in-chief
 Men had to pledge allegiance
 He chose the popes…not the church
 Wanted to tax people, to did a survey called Domesday
Book
Doomsday Book
Video of Battle of Hastings
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLy1LskT6Y8
Describe how Henry I strengthened
royal authority.
Henry I
Describe how British courts of this
time influenced the way courts
work today
Describe Henry’s conflict with
Thomas-a-Becket
Henry vs Becket
Describe Richard I’s rule of England
Richard I
Explain how the Magna Carta came
into being, what it did, and what
important precedents it set.
Match the witan, Curia regis, and
parliament with their description
and put them in chronological
order
Describe how Edward I created
Parliament and how it came to
consist of the House of
Commons and House of Lords
Edward I
Parliament became more and more
powerful
Explain why the development of
Parliament was important for
future democracies
Overall Timeline
List and explain the factors that
helped the Capetian kings increase
their power
Capet Coat of
Arms
List and explain the ways in which
Phillip II expanded the power of
the French Monarchy. Explain how
his position differed from the early
Capetian kings
Philip II of France
Explain how Louis IX expanded
royal power and why he gained the
title, “the ideal medieval king”
Louis IX
Describe Philip IV clash with
Boniface VIII, including what
triggered the clash, what weapons
Philip and Boniface yielded against
each other, and why Philip won.
Describe the Origins of the Estate
General and contrast its effect on
France with Parliament’s effect on
England
Section 4
List the motivations spurring
particpants of the Crusades
List the Methods the Roman
Catholic Church employed to urge
Europeans to join in the Crusades
Describe each of the following
crusades
 1.) First Crusade
 2.)The King’s Crusade (3rd Crusade)
 3.) The Diverted Crusade (4th Crusade)
 4.) The Later Crusade
List and Describe each of the five
consequences of the Crusades that
the book mentions, also describe
how the crusades led to each
consequence.