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The American Frontier is CLOSED • Fredrick Jackson Turner declares the western frontier “closed” as a result of the 1890 census The American Frontier is CLOSED • Fear arose about the disappearance of natural resources •The belief that America needed to find new areas for these raw materials The White Man’s Burden •Followers of Social Darwinism believed it was America’s destiny to conquer other lands •These people saw all nations/races of people like species and that it was natural for the United States to take over other peoples • “take care of them,” like parents taking care of children The White Man’s Burden •Rudyard’s Kipling’s poem “The White Man’s Burden expressed the “moral” obligation for America to take care of the rest of the world. This can also be described as “Imperialism of Righteousness.” Building the American Empire • The Good Neighbor Policy : explains the treaties the United States signed with its Latin American and Caribbean neighbors which allowed the US to enter their local economies •This policy relied on there being peace in Latin America Building the American Empire The Navy •The United States began to pump more money into the Navy, which increased its size •Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan’s the Influence of Sea Power Upon American History •Stated that the international strength of the US depended upon having open markets and control of colonies • this helped to define American foreign policy Building the American Empire • The Monroe Doctrine: Isolation to Intervention – Used to get rid of European influence in the western hemisphere -This called for the US to be the only imperial influence on the hemisphere •America’s expansionist policy focuses on the western hemisphere Building the American Empire The Monroe Doctrine Remember Me??? Monroe Doctrine Policy of isolating the W. Hemisphere from European influence and power U.S. becomes Dominant Influence Places on Western hemisphere are now places for nat. resources & new economies for US businesses Building the American Empire Alaska •William Seward began to increase American influence in the western hemisphere - He negotiated the sale of Alaska from Russia (known as Seward’s Folly) - He used the Monroe Doctrine to force France out of Mexico Building the American Empire Hawaii • The Hawaiian economy is based on sugar • 1887: Treaty signed with US to open up Pearl Harbor naval base •American corporations begin to enter and buy sugar plantations •In 1891 Queen Liliuokalani issued a constitution that gave her more power since she was afraid the US was becoming too powerful there. Building the American Empire Hawaii •The Americans on the islands overthrew the queen and in 1898 the United States annexed the islands of Hawaii. •Hawaii was seen as the stepping stones to Asian Markets Building the American Empire China •The Open Door Policy is a concept in foreign affairs stating that, in principle, all nations should have equal commercial and industrial trade rights in China •The Boxer Rebellion took place in China when Chinese nationalists rebelled against American and European influence there Building the American Empire Japan •Japan was forced to open up trade with west in 1853 when Commodore Matthew Perry landed in the country •The Russo-Japanese War in 1905 was fought over Manchuria. The Japanese defeated the Russians and President Roosevelt mediated a peace settlement. “The Splendid Little War” • 1896 Election: McKinley campaigns for economic expansion, which he claims would serve humanitarian and democratic goals. •In the 1860’s there is the liberation movement occurring in Cuba against Spain called Cuba Libre •The Spanish are unable to keep peace in Cuba and Gen. Weyler resort to savage methods and brutality Causes of the Spanish American War USS Maine Yellow Journalism McKinley Tariff DeLome Letter SpanishAmerica n War Monroe Doctrine (American Expansionism) Causes of the Spanish American War • The McKinley Tariff raised the taxes on imported goods almost 50% ( except for raw materials like sugar) •Why was this done? Causes of the Spanish American War Yellow Journalism •Sensational news reporting that highly exaggerates incidents Pulitzer: The World Hearst: The New York World Causes of the Spanish American War USS Maine •Jan 15, 1898- The USS Maine explodes near the coast of Cuba •The cause of the explosion is still debated today •Hearst and Pulitzer rushed to publish stories and blamed the explosion on the Spanish Causes of the Spanish American War The DeLôme Letter •DeLôme was the Spanish Ambassador to the United States •His private letter to a friend was intercepted •He criticized President McKinley by calling him : “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party” Causes of the Spanish American War • The Monroe Doctrine: Isolation to Intervention – Used to get rid of European influence in the western hemisphere -This called for the US to be the only imperial influence on the hemisphere •America’s expansionist policy focuses on the western hemisphere The “Splendid Little War” Theodore Roosevelt resigned as Secretary of the Navy in order to Fight in Cuba •He was an imperialist and really wanted this war •Emerges as a War Hero as the leader of the Rough Riders The “Splendid Little War” •Admiral George Dewey led the fight in the Philippines with the Navy •He destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila The “Splendid Little War” •The Spanish surrender and the United States gain control of Cuba, the Philippines, Guam, and its influence in Puerto Rico America’s New Empire Cuba’s Constitution •The Platt Amendment requires that the US has a base in Cuba ( Guantanamo Bay) Cuba must pay back the United States back for the cost of the war Cuba cannot sign any foreign treaties without the consent of the United States America’s New Empire The Philippines •The United States bought the Philippines from Spain due to the treaty signed from the war the islands were hard to govern due to so many islands and many ethnic groups Emilio Aguinaldo established a revolutionary government and founded a resistance against American imperialism The Philippines eventually gained independence in 1946 America’s New Empire Should the colonies be treated like states? •The Insular Cases ruled that colonies are not like States Congress could set tariffs on their products coming into the US Also rules that constitutional rights would not be granted to those living in the colonies America’s New Empire The Panama Canal • The US wanted to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans •The United States wanted to build it in Panama, but Colombia refused the offer •Roosevelt sent troops to help the rebels in Panama fight against the Colombians •1903: Panama was recognized as an independent country by the United states •Panama allowed for the construction of the canal which was completed in 1915 Stages of Involvement in Latin America Monroe Doctrine States that European influence in the Western Hemisphere is considered a threat to the US Roosevelt Corollary “ Big Stick Diplomacy” Extends the Monroe Doctrine: US can intervene in economic affairs of unstable countries in the W. Hemisphere Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy Encouraged banks and businesses to invest in Latin America as well as military and diplomatic efforts Wilson’s Intervention Intervening in Latin American affairs through military force