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NAME________________________________HMRM___#___DATE______________ Verbs Action Verbs o Tells an action someone did, is doing, or will do o Examples: Sue went to the store. I have a headache. Bob will fly somewhere over break. o Transitive and intransitive Transitive – doing to something/someone (direct object in active voice) Intransitive – does not transfer action to an object (NO DIRECT OBJECT) Ask “whom/what” after the verb Sue sang a song. Sang what? song, so transitive Bob went to the store. Went what? no answer, so intransitive Linking Verbs o Links adjectives, adverbs, or nouns with the subject. o Think of them as an equal sign o Linking verbs: am is are was were be being been appear become continue feel grow look remain seem smell sound taste o Examples: She should have been a nurse. (She = nurse) My brother was lazy. (brother = lazy) The store will look empty after Christmas. (store = empty) Action or Linking? o If you can substitute “am”, “is”, or “are”, then it’s linking o The breeze felt cool. The breeze is cool? (linking) o The boy felt the sand. The boy is the sand? (action) Verb Phrases o Made up of main verb and helping verb o Helping verbs all forms of be plus shall, will, may, can, has, have, had, do, does, did, should, would, might, could, must Change the meaning of the verb I talk on the phone. I could have been talking on the phone. He returned the book. He was returning the book when a dog attacked him. o Verb phrases can be interrupted by other words. The baby will cry all night. The baby will probably not cry all night. Will the baby cry all night? Parts of the Verb o Present: walk, run NAME________________________________HMRM___#___DATE______________ I walk to the store. You run from the dog. o Present participle: walking, running I am walking to the store. You are running from the dog. o Past: walked, ran I walked to the store. You ran from the dog. o Past participle: walked, run I have walked to the store. You had run from the dog. Forming tenses o Regular verbs Present participle is formed by adding –ing to the present form Past and past participle are formed by adding –ed or –d to the present form Pay attention to spelling! plot plotting plotted o Irregular verbs Past or past participle are not formed by adding –ed Present Present part. Past Past part. bring bringing brought have brought sell selling sold have sold hit hitting hit have hit sing singing sang have sung eat eating ate have eaten go going went have gone When in doubt, check the dictionary! Conjugating Verbs o Conjugation – list of the singular and plural forms of a verb in a certain tense Conjugation of the forms of the verb walk Singular Plural Present First Person I walk we walk Second Person you walk you walk Third Person he, she, it walks they walk Past First Person I walked we walked Second Person you walked you walked Third Person he, she, it walked they walked Future First Person I will walk we will walk Second Person you will walk you will walk Third Person he, she, it will walk they will walk Present Perfect First Person I have walked we have walked Second Person you have walked you have walked Third Person he, she, it has walked they have walked NAME________________________________HMRM___#___DATE______________ First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Past Perfect I had walked we had walked you had walked you had walked he, she, it had walked they had walked Future Perfect I will have walked we will have walked you will have walked you will have walked he, she, it will have they will have walked walked Present Progressive I am walking we are walking you are walking you are walking he, she, it is walking they are walking Past Progressive I was walking we were walking you were walking you were walking he, she, it was walking they were walking Future Progressive I will be walking we will be walking you will be walking you will be walking he, she, it will be they will be walking walking Conjugating the verb be o Present: I am we are you are you are he, she, it is they are o Past: I was we were you were you were he, she, it was they were Voice o Active – the subject does something o Passive – something is done to the subject o Examples: Bob threw the ball. active The ball was thrown by Bob. passive My sister drives to school. active My sister was driven to school. passive o When to use each voice Use active whenever possible – try to be direct Use passive to emphasize the receiver, rather than who’s doing it Maria was given an award by the school official. (Maria is more important to us than the school official). The damaged car was towed away. (We don’t care who towed it). NAME________________________________HMRM___#___DATE______________ SUMMARY OF ENGLISH VERB TENSES There are three basic tenses: present, past, and future. Each has a perfect form, indicating completed action; and each has a progressive form, indicating ongoing action Here is a list of examples of these tenses and their definitions. Simple Forms Present take/s Past took Future will take Progressive Forms am/is are taking as/were taking will be taking Perfect Forms have/has taken had taken will have taken Simple Forms Present Tense Present tense expresses an unchanging, repeated, or reoccurring action or situation that only exists now. It can also represent a widespread truth. Example The trees are tall. Every year, new students enroll at UNL. Pb is the chemical symbol for lead. Meaning Unchanging action Reoccurring action Widespread truth Past Tense Past tense expresses an action or situation that was started and finished in the past. Most past tense verbs in –ed. The irregular verbs have special past tense forms which must be memorized. Example The student revised her essay. She wrote a new draft. Form Regular –ed past Irregular form Future Tense Future tense expresses an action or situation that will occur in the future. The student will set an appointment at the WAC. The student is going to revise his essay. The student writes tomorrow. This tense is formed by using will with the simple form of the verb. The future tense can also be expressed by using am, is, or are, with going to. We can also use the present tense form with an adverb or adverbial phrase to NAME________________________________HMRM___#___DATE______________ show future time. Progressive Forms Present Progressive Tense: A past action which was happening when another action occurred. This tense is formed by using am, is, or are with the verb form ending in – ing. The student is writing a new draft of her essay. This tense is formed by using was or were with the verb form ending in – ing. The student was explaining that she had difficulty with transitions. This tense is formed by using will be with the verb form ending in –ing. The student will be working on her essay in the WAC. This tense is formed by using has or have with the past participle of the verb. Most past participles end in –ed. Irregular verbs have special past participles that must be memorized. *The student has rewritten her draft since her visit to the WAC. This tense is formed using had with the past participle of the verb. By the time the student had revised her opening, she already had plans for the conclusion. This tense is formed using will have with the past participle of the verb. By the time the student writes a new essay, she will have learned many new rhetorical skills. Past Progressive Tense: A past action which was happening when another action occurred. Future Progressive Tense: An ongoing or continuous action that will take place in the future. Perfect Forms Present Perfect Tense: *An action that happened at an indefinite time in the past. *An action that began in the past and continues in the present. *Writers have visited the WAC all semester long. Past Perfect Tense: An action which took place in the past before another past action. Future Perfect Tense: An action that will occur in the future before some other action. NAME________________________________HMRM___#___DATE______________ Verb Tenses Tense Present Use Happening now How to form it Ordinary verb Past Over and done with Add –ed Future Hasn’t happened yet Happening sometime before now Happening before a specific time in the past will + verb Future Perfect Happening before a specific time in the future will have + verb Present Progressive Continuous action, happening now Past Progressive Happened over time Future Progressive Will happen for awhile am/is/are + verb ending in –ing was/were + verb ending in –ing will be + verb ending in –ing Present Perfect Past Perfect have/has + verb had + verb Example I go to the store when I need food. She walks home after school. I went to the store yesterday. She walked home everyday last year. I will go to the store next week. She will walk home tomorrow. I have gone to the store whenever I’ve needed sugar. She has walked home many times. I had gone to the store before it started raining. She had walked home everyday until she was mauled by a dog. By the time I’m 40, I will have gone to the store over 13,000 times. She will have walked home after school before you even get picked up. I am going to the store now. She is walking home as we speak. I was going to the store everyday last year. She was walking home last night. I will be going to the store for many years. She will be walking home forever because she has no car. Verb Agreement Study Guide The number of a word is whether it refers to one person or thing (singular), or if it refers to more than one person or thing (plural). A verb must agree in number with its subject. A singular subject belongs with a singular verb. A plural subject belongs with a plural verb. Singular Plural He guesses. They guess. She arrives. They arrive. Food spoils. Eggs spoil. The balloon rises. The balloons rise. Most singular verbs end in –s. Hint: To make sure they agree, find the subject. If you have trouble finding the subject, first find the verb. Then ask who? or what? before the verb. NAME________________________________HMRM___#___DATE______________ Example: These posts in the ground support the fence. Verb: support What supports? posts The subject is posts. The subject of the verb is never in a prepositional phrase. Water from the streams runs into the river. One of the factories has a job opening. The people on our block were helpful. Compound subjects A compound subject is two or more subjects used with the same verb. A compound subject joined by and is plural, so it requires a plural verb. Flannel shirts and wool socks keep me warm. The store manager and the cashiers are preparing for the sale. When the parts of a compound subject are joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the subject closest to the verb. Neither Liz nor her brothers take the bus. Either sandwiches or a salad is a good lunch. Subject / Verb Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns To make a verb agree with an indefinite pronoun used as its subject, you must know if the pronoun is singular or plural. The following chart tells the indefinite pronoun and whether it is singular or plural. Indefinite Pronouns Singular another anybody anyone anything each either everybody Examples: everyone nothing everything one much other neither somebody nobody someone no one something Plural both few many others several Most of us know something about carnivals. No one picked up his or her books. Both won their games. Singular or Plural All Any More Most None Some NAME________________________________HMRM___#___DATE______________ If the indefinite pronoun is in the third column, then it depends on the words following it. Examples: All of this paper is for decoration. All of the reporters have deadlines. Doesn’t and Don’t The verb doesn’t is always singular. Doesn’t is used with the subjects she, he, and it. Don’t is used with all other personal pronouns (I, you, we, and they). Examples: It doesn’t seem right. We don’t argue. She doesn’t care. I don’t drive. He doesn’t live here. They don’t understand. Expressing Time Verbs tell when an action or state of being occurs. They indicate the past, present, or future by changing forms, or tenses. They usually make these changes in two ways: 1. change in spelling: sit sat cry cried walk walked will compete has taken 2. Use of helping verbs had shown Tenses The present tense shows what is happening right now. I swim. David is swimming. We swim. They are swimming. The past tense shows what has already happened. I swam. David was swimming. We swam. They were swimming. The future tense shows what will happen. I will swim. will swim. David will swim. We will swim. They