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N. Patel F2013 Moraxella catarrhalis • • • • Large, Gram-negative diplococcus Fastidious, nonmotile, aerobic Psuedomonadales; Gammaproteobacteria Human pathogen – Infects upper respiratory tract – Can also cause infections in ear, eye, CNS, and joints – Third most common cause of otitis media and sinusitis in children – Immunocompromised hosts (HIV/AIDS patients) are susceptible http://www.bacteriainphotos.com/light%20microscopy%20of %20bacteria/Moraxella%20catarrhalis%20microscopy.jpg • Enters via the nasopharynx • Can be cultured on blood or chocolate agar plates http://www.f8i.org/bacteria/moraxella-catarrhalis/ N. Patel F2013 Moraxella catarrhalis • Attaches to host cells and infects using Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesins (TAA) such as UspA1 and A2 proteins – Anchor inserts into outer membrane – Passenger domain passes through membrane into host extracellular environment – Head domain adheres to host elements (collagen, fibronectin, etc.) https://figures.boundless.com/11965/full/taabasic1.jpeg • Possible virulence factor is lipooligosaccharide – Transferrin and lactoferrin receptors on surface help sequester iron from host, and may also serve as virulence factors • Endotoxin similar to those found in Neisseria • Some strains have fimbriae or pili for adhesion • Can be treated with antibiotics – Fluoroquinolones and erythromycin are effective – Currently no vaccine – Nearly all strains produce beta-lactamase • Lends resistance to penicillin and ampicillin http://mmbr.asm.org/content/73/3/389/F3.large.jpg