Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Correlative Body Systems Body Temperature Regulation • Endothermy – Using energy generated by metabolism (mitochondria) to regulate and maintain temperature • Ectothermy – The use of external thermal energy to regulate and maintain temperature Body Temperature Regulation Surface-to-Volume Ratio • Alveoli • Villi and Microvilli Interactions and Coordination • Gas Exchange and Respiratory systems Interactions and Coordination • Gas Exchange Interactions and Coordination Interactions and Coordination Interactions and Coordination • Circulatory and Respiratory Obtaining Nutrients • Digestive Systems Obtaining Nutrients Interactions and Coordination Obtaining Nutrients • Regulation Eliminating Wastes • Nitrogenous waste Eliminating Wastes Eliminating Wastes Homeostatic Control • Osmoregulation Muscular Interactions and Coordination Fig. 47-UN1 Sperm-egg fusion and depolarization of egg membrane (fast block to polyspermy) Cortical granule release (cortical reaction) Formation of fertilization envelope (slow block to polyspermy) Fig. 47-UN2 2-cell stage forming Animal pole 8-cell stage Vegetal pole Blastocoel Blastula Fig. 47-UN3 Fig. 47-UN4 Neural tube Neural tube Notochord Notochord Coelom Coelom Fig. 47-UN5 Species: Stage: Fig. 47-UN6 Body Cavities • Most triploblastic animals possess a body cavity • A true body cavity is called a coelom and is derived from mesoderm • Coelomates are animals that possess a true coelom Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 32-8 Coelom Digestive tract (from endoderm) Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs (from mesoderm) (a) Coelomate Body covering (from ectoderm) Pseudocoelom Muscle layer (from mesoderm) Digestive tract (from endoderm) (b) Pseudocoelomate Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissuefilled region (from mesoderm) Wall of digestive cavity (from endoderm) (c) Acoelomate Fig. 32-8a Coelom Body covering (from ectoderm) Digestive tract (from endoderm) (a) Coelomate Tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs (from mesoderm) • A pseudocoelom is a body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm • Triploblastic animals that possess a pseudocoelom are called pseudocoelomates Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 32-8b Body covering (from ectoderm) Pseudocoelom Digestive tract (from endoderm) (b) Pseudocoelomate Muscle layer (from mesoderm) • Triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity are called acoelomates Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 32-8c Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissuefilled region (from mesoderm) Wall of digestive cavity (from endoderm) (c) Acoelomate Protostome and Deuterostome Development • Based on early development, many animals can be categorized as having protostome development or deuterostome development Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Cleavage • In protostome development, cleavage is spiral and determinate • In deuterostome development, cleavage is radial and indeterminate • With indeterminate cleavage, each cell in the early stages of cleavage retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo • Indeterminate cleavage makes possible identical twins, and embryonic stem cells Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 32-9 Protostome development (examples: molluscs, annelids) Deuterostome development (examples: echinoderm, chordates) Eight-cell stage Eight-cell stage Spiral and determinate (a) Cleavage Radial and indeterminate (b) Coelom formation Key Coelom Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Archenteron Coelom Mesoderm Blastopore Blastopore Solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom. Mesoderm Folds of archenteron form coelom. Anus Mouth (c) Fate of the blastopore Digestive tube Mouth Mouth develops from blastopore. Anus Anus develops from blastopore. Fig. 32-9a Protostome development (examples: molluscs, annelids) Eight-cell stage Spiral and determinate Deuterostome development (examples: echinoderms, chordates) Eight-cell stage Radial and indeterminate (a) Cleavage Coelom Formation • In protostome development, the splitting of solid masses of mesoderm forms the coelom • In deuterostome development, the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron to form the coelom Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 32-9b Protostome development (examples: molluscs, annelids) Deuterostome development (examples: echinoderms, chordates) (b) Coelom formation Coelom Key Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Archenteron Coelom Mesoderm Blastopore Solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom. Blastopore Mesoderm Folds of archenteron form coelom. Fate of the Blastopore • The blastopore forms during gastrulation and connects the archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula • In protostome development, the blastopore becomes the mouth • In deuterostome development, the blastopore becomes the anus Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 32-9c Protostome development (examples: molluscs, annelids) Deuterostome development (examples: echinoderms, chordates) Anus Mouth (c) Fate of the blastopore Key Digestive tube Anus Mouth Mouth develops from blastopore. Anus develops from blastopore. Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Concept 32.4: New views of animal phylogeny are emerging from molecular data • Zoologists recognize about three dozen animal phyla • Current debate in animal systematics has led to the development of two phylogenetic hypotheses, but others exist as well Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings • One hypothesis of animal phylogeny is based mainly on morphological and developmental comparisons Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 32-10 “Porifera” Eumetazoa Metazoa ANCESTRAL COLONIAL FLAGELLATE Cnidaria Ctenophora Deuterostomia Ectoprocta Brachiopoda Echinodermata Bilateria Chordata Platyhelminthes Protostomia Rotifera Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Nematoda • One hypothesis of animal phylogeny is based mainly on molecular data Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Metazoa Silicea Calcarea Ctenophora Eumetazoa ANCESTRAL COLONIAL FLAGELLATE “Porifera” Fig. 32-11 Cnidaria Acoela Bilateria Deuterostomia Echinodermata Chordata Platyhelminthes Lophotrochozoa Rotifera Ectoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Ecdysozoa Nematoda Arthropoda