Download The Muslim World (622-1629 CE)

The Muslim World
(622-1629 CE)
-Rise of Islam
-Islam Spreads
-Golden Age of Muslim Civilization
Rise of Islam
• Where? Islam emerged in the Arabian
Peninsula (many deserts & trade centers)
• Geography
– Oasis: ___________________________ (makes
farming possible)
– Bedouins occupied Arabia (______________)
• Key trading town= Mecca
– Market town, pilgrimage center, & home of the Kaaba
The Prophet Muhammad
• Born in Mecca in 570 CE: Started as a shepherd,
became a merchant, & ran successful caravan business
• At age 40 heard Gabriel & set out as messenger of God
– Supported by wife Khadija
• 622 CE Muhammad left on journey aka hijra (Mecca to
Medina)
– TURNING PT in Islam Islam began to spread
Teachings of Islam
• Monotheistic
• Quran= sacred text
– God is all powerful &
compassionate
– People responsible for their
actions
– Complete guide to life
– Converts learn to read in
Arabic
• Five Pillars (5 basic
duties)
–
–
–
–
–
Declaration of faith
Daily prayer
Charity to poor
Fasting during Ramadan
Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
• “People of the Book”:
share the same God of
Judaism & Christianity
– Islam is final & complete
revelation
Dome of the Rock & jihad
• Dome of the Rock: Jerusalem (690s CE)
– Holy site in Islamic world
• Jihad: struggle in God’s service
– Seen as a 6th duty (spiritual effort & warfare)
Islam-religion & way of life
• Sharia: body of law that interprets &
applies teachings of Quran
– Regulates moral conduct, family life, business
practices & gov’t
– NOT separate from criminal & civil law
• Spiritual equality of men & women
– Protection of women under law (inheritance,
marriage, education)
– Women had less rights than men in daily life
Caliphs & Conquests
• Caliph: ________________________
• Abu Bakr = 1st caliph after Muhammad’s
death
– Crisis surfaced after Muhammad’s death
– Reunited Arabs on allegiance to Islam
Lands conquered under the first four
caliphs: Byzantine empire, Syria,
Palestine, Persian empire, Egypt, areas of
North Africa, Spain
•Reasons for success:
1)Byzantine & Persian empires weak
2) Welcomed as liberators in Fertile Crescent
3) Bedouin camel & horse cavalry stronger than
traditional armies
4) Common faith created a unified state
• Conquered people allowed to practice their own
religion & laws


Taxed if non-Muslim
Many converted to Islam—no religious hierarchy
or priests (EQUALITY)
•Europe—Spain served as an important center for
Muslim growth

Arts & learning thrived, religious tolerance, grand
architecture, palace in Granada, culture thrived in
Sicily
Division!
• Divisions occurred after Muhammad's
death
– Two main divisions: Sunni & Shiite
– Disagreed on Muhammad's successor
• Sunni: caliph chosen by leaders of Muslim
community (leader NOT religious authority)
• Shiite: successors must be descendants of
Muhammad's daughter & son-in-law (Fatima &
Ali)
– Leaders divinely inspired
Division (cont)
• Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law)= 4th
caliph
– Assassinated 661 CE by Sunni
– Viewed as martyr
• Division exists today—differences in
religious practice, law, daily life
– 90% Sunni
– Most Shiites live in Iran, Lebanon,
Iraq, and Yemen
• Sufism: Muslim mystics that use
meditation & fasting
Empire of the Caliphs
• Umayyads
• Abbassids
• Decline of the
Caliphate
Empire of Caliphs
• Umayyad Family (750 CE): faced problems
– Adapt from desert to city life, relied on local officials,
economic tensions, problems w/ Shiites, social unrest
among non-Arab converts
• Abbassid Dynasty (750-1258 CE): began w/ Abu alAbbas
– Killed the Umayyad family
– Ended Arab dominance, made Islam universal
religion, empire reached greatest wealth, civilization
experienced a golden age
Baghdad
• Abbassid caliph al-Mansur
• “City of Peace, Gift of God, Paradise on
Earth”
• City filled with gardens, mosques, market
courtyards, palace of the caliph
– Symbol of wealth and splendor
Decline of the Caliphate(broken power 850 CE)
• Caliph's power declined & civil wars erupted →
chaos w/ invasions (900-1400CE)
• Seljuk Turks (900s CE): built empire across Fertile
Crescent
– 1055 CE sultan controlled Baghdad & b/g to threaten
Byzantine empire
• Crusades: Salah al-Din took control of Jerusalem
1187 CE
Mongols
• Genghis Khan (1216 CE) led Mongols from
Central Asia across Persia & Mesopotamia
– Hulagu (1258 CE) burned & looted Baghdad,
killed last Abbassid caliph
– Timur the Lame (Tamerlane) led armies into
Middle East
• Goal: conquer Muslim & non-Muslim lands
• Led to fragmented power***
Society in the Golden Age
• Diverse cultures united
(Arabs, Persians,
Egyptians, other
Africans, Europeans)
• Social mobility________________
– Improve social rank
through religious,
scholarly, or military
achievements
– How is this different
from medieval
Europe?
• Slavery a common
custom—brought from
conquered lands
(Muslims could not be
enslaved)
– Freedom w/
conversion &
marriage
– Many bought
freedom
Economy in the Golden Age
• Extensive Trading (750-1350 CE): spread Islam,
technology and goods
– Camel caravans aka “ships of the desert”
• Traveled across Sahara into W Africa
– Traders traveled Silk Road
– Monsoons carried ships from E Africa to India
– Addition of Arabic numerals, sugar, papermaking,
banks, partnerships, bank checks (sakk)
Economy (cont)
• Guilds org manufacturing
– Most labor by wage workers
– Goods produced: swords, leather, cotton textiles,
carpets, glassware & furniture
• Agriculture flourished
– Sugar cane, cotton, dyes, herbs, fruits, vegetables &
flowers
*massive irrigation systems drained swamplands to provide farming
in arid land—olives, grain & dates*
Arts & Literature of Golden Age
• Quran banned worship of idols = no artists could
portray God or human figures in religious art
– Arabesque: rugs, textiles, glassware, ceilings
– Calligraphy: art of beautiful handwriting
• Architecture: adaptation of domes & arches
– Dome of the Rock, domed mosques, minarets
Literature (cont)
• Arabs had tradition of oral poetry & Bedouin musical
verses
– Themes of chivalry, dangers, glories, and romance
• Rabiah al-Adawiyya: Sufi mysticism & worship of
God w/o reward
• Firdawsi: Shah Namah (Book of Kings) tells history
of Persia
• Omar Khayyam: The Rubaiyat, poems on fate &
nature of life
• Famous tale The Thousand and One Nights
– Princess Scheherezade
– “Aladdin and His Magic Lamp” & “Ali Baba and the
Forty Thieves”
Learning in the Golden Age
• Muhammad could not read or write, but encouraged
advances in learning
• Baghdad b/c greatest center of learning
– Boys & girls received elementary edu
– Adv in philosophy, mathematics, medicine &
translated lang
• Ibn Rushd: tried to harmonize Islam w/ reason
• Ibn Khaldun: scientific study of history & trusted
sources
Learning (cont)
• Al-Khwarizmi: pioneered the study of
algebra & wrote standard textbook
– Astronomical tables paved way for Columbus
• Medicine improved
– Docs had to pass test, gov't hospitals w/
emergency room, surgery, flavored meds
• Ibn Sina: Doc at 16 yrs, Canon on Medicine
(encyclopedia for diagnosis & treatment &
prescriptions)
Muslims in India
• “The whole of India is full of gold and
jewels...And since the inhabitants are chiefly
infidels and idolaters, by the order of God and
his Prophet, it is right for us to conquer them.” advisers of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni
– 1001 Mahmud created a Muslim center in India
Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE)
• 711 CE Arabs conquered Indus Valley
• 1000 CE Muslim Turks pushed further into India
– 1100s CE sultan of Ghur made Delhi capital
• Successors organized sultanate aka
________________________________________
• Start of Muslim rule in India as many converted to Islam
– Reason: ____________________________________
Muslim Rule
• Trade b/t India and Muslim world increased
• Increase of Greek & Persian learning
• 1398 CE Tamerlane invaded India
– Destroyed Delhi
– Artisans enslaved
– Sultans lost control & power divided b/t Hindus
and Muslims
Muslim vs Hindu India
• Hinduism
– Ancient religion
– Many sacred texts
w/ many gods
• Prayed to statues
– Caste system
– Celebrated w/
music & dance
• Islam
– New religion
– One sacred text &
monotheistic
• Statues offensive
– Equality of all
believers
– Condemned
celebration w/
music & dance
Interactions
• Hindus viewed as second class citizens
– Paid tax & could practice religion
– Many converts b/c Islam rejected caste system
• Merchants converted b/c trade network
• Muslims also adopted Hindu culture
– Marriage & caste ideas
– Urdu ( lang of Persian, Arabic & Hindi)
– Use of India music & dance
• Sikhism: blend of Islamic & Hindu beliefs
Ottoman Empire
• Ottomans: nomadic, Turkish speaking, in
Asia Minor
• Most capable ruler: ______________
• “Lawgiver”
• Four classes of people
• Janizaries: __________________