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ECOSYSTEM ANSWERS 1. (a) (b) (i) All (living) organisms/populations found in an ecosystem/in a habitat/in an area; (NOT just ‘all species present’/’no. of spp.’) 1 (ii) Habitat (/environment) + community (/described)/ abiotic and biotic factors in a defined area/named area; 1 (i) 9 – 25°C 1 (ii) biotic factor: food/predators/presence of mate/competition/ disease; abiotic factor: water current/tides/nature of substratum/O2 (conc) / pH/toxins/light; 2 (Total 5 marks) 2. (a) Wood mouse; (b) Decomposers/bacteria/fungi/saprophytes/saprotrophs/detritivores; (c) Colonisation/pioneer species/examples from fig/seeds/fruits; soil formation/improvement/change by organism; succession/eq; process repeated to climax community/forest; diversity is reduced; (d) MAX. 3 {trees form food source for many species/wide range of primary consumers; {(primary consumers/named example/are eaten by other species) {idea that trees are the basis of food chains/food webs; productivity of area is reduced (with loss of trees); so fewer organisms can be supported; habitats are lost/ecological niches are lost (with each tree species lost); MAX. 3 (Total 8 marks) 3. (a) (i) Lepus; (1) (ii) Lagomorpha; (1) (b) (i) Distribution / habitat overlaps / found in the same place; (1) (ii) Geographical isolation / separation / barrier; Adapted to slightly different conditions / environment / different selection pressure; Mutation in one population / different mutations; (Max 2) (Total 5 marks) 4. (a) Allow two marks for 617; allow one mark if arithmetical error in calculation; (2) (b) (i) Moose numbers rose in absence of predators / with plenty of food; depletion of food / spread of disease / climatic change / resulted in fall / death; (2) (ii) Caused the moose numbers to stabilise at lower level / equivalent; (1) (Total 5 marks) 5. (a) Habitat as place where an organism lives/where a species lives; environment as surrounding/abiotic portion of ecosystem; (2) (b) The greater the distance from the city centre, the less the sulphur dioxide concentration and the more species of lichens/converse; traffic/industry generates sulphur dioxide/few species are able to tolerate high SO2 concentrations; (2) (c) (i) Correct answer (2.6) gains two marks; allow one mark if answer incorrect but interpreted correctly; (2) (ii) Diversity would decrease as you move towards city centre/converse; few species are able to tolerate high sulphur dioxide concentration; (2) (Total 8 marks) 6. (a) (i) Understanding of n(n-1); correct answer of 2.85; (2) (ii) Diversity gives both number of individuals and number of species; avoids difficulties of large number of rare species; (2) (b) Sample with quadrats/other acceptable method; random placing; count number of individuals of each species; (3) (c) (i) Figure 1 shows no correlation/relationship between bird species diversity and plant species diversity; Figure 2 shows positive correlation/as plant structure diversity increases so does bird species diversity; (2) (ii) Succession; longer the field left uncultivated, greater proportion of shrubs and trees; (2) (iii) Provides more niches; different species of birds feed/nest at different heights/in different places; (2) (d) (Continues to increase and then) levels out; as climax is reached; maximum plant structural diversity; (Max 2) (Total 15 marks)