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AP PSYCH REVIEW STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS 2013-2014 (2 – 4%) Overview o William James the first to show real interest in consciousness o Dualism belief humans consist of two elements: thought and matter Matter everything that has substance Thought what gives humans free will o Monism contends that thoughts and matter are aspects of the same substance Thought is a byproduct of the processes of the brain Levels of Consciousness Level Conscious Nonconscious Preconscious Subconscious Unconscious Description Info about yourself and your environment that you are currently aware of. Body processes controlled by our mind that we are never usually aware of. (Heart beat, breathing, digestion, etc.) Information about ourselves that we are not currently aware of, but could if we were told to do so. Information we are not consciously aware of but know must exist due to behavior. Ex. We know the answer to some random question, but don’t know how we know. Known as priming Where our unacceptable feelings and urges reside, according to psychoanalytic psychologists. Sleep o Sleep Cycle Regulated by our circadian rhythm Circadian rhythms regulate our bodily functions within a 24 hour time period Sleep stages are recorded using EEG machines We cycle through 5 different stages of sleep nightly 1 Stage Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 REM Activity Presence of high frequency, low amplitude THETA waves. Not really sleep. Usually 1-7 minutes The presence of sleep spindles. High frequency bursts as we fall deeper into sleep. The presence of DELTA waves. High amplitude; low frequency. Children have night terrors in this stage. The deepest stage of sleep. Very difficult to be woken from. Replenishes the body and releases GH in children. Fortifies our immune system. Increasing exercise will increase the amount of time we spend in stages 3&4. Rapid Eye Movement. Known as paradoxical sleep. Our brain is as active here as when we are awake. DREAMS occur in REM. REM deprivation affects our memory. Those lacking REM suffer from REM rebound. 2 Sleep Disorders o Insomnia trouble FALLING or STAYING asleep Affects up to 10% of the population Treated with behavior modification Reduction of caffeine, exercise at appropriate times, and maintaining a consistent sleep schedule o Narcolepsy periods of intense sleepiness and falling asleep at inappropriate times Affects less than 0.001% of the population Usually fall into REM sleep Treated with sleep medications and behavior modification o Sleep Apnea causes a person to stop breathing for short periods of time through the night Robs the person of deep sleep Causes daytime tiredness and interference with attention and memory Overweight men are at more risk for developing it Treated with a breathing machine o Night terrors marked by periods of agitation in children while asleep Children do not remember these Happens in deep sleep o Somnambulism (sleepwalking) Occurs during deep sleep (4) Dreams Theory Explanation Freud’s Theory Method of uncovering the unconscious. Dreams contain manifest content (was is remembered) and latent content (the interpretation of the dream). How do we really know what the symbols mean? Activation-Synthesis Model Dreaming as biological phenomena. Our brains as active when we are dreaming as when we are awake. Dreams are making sense of the brain activity. Information Processing Model Stress during the day explains this theory. Dreaming seems to occur as a result of particularly stressful days. 3 Hypnosis (terms) o Posthypnotic amnesia after being hypnotized, people forget what happened while being hypnotized o Posthypnotic suggestion a suggestion that a hypnotized person will behave a certain way after hypnosis Theories of hypnosis o Role theory States hypnosis is not an alternate state of consciousness at all Points some are more easily hypnotized than others (hypnotic suggestibility) Those with high suggestibility tend to have richer fantasies, follow directions well, and can stay engaged on one task for long periods of time Hypnotized people seem to fill expectations of a role while hypnotized o State theory Argues hypnosis can be an altered state State theorists contend those under hypnosis become more or less aware of their environment o Ernest Hilgard’s dissociation theory Hypnosis causes a division of our consciousness voluntarily One part of our consciousness responds to the suggestions of the hypnotist, while the other retains awareness of reality Experiment: Hilgard asked hypnotized participants to put their arm in an ice water bath The hypnotized patients reported no pain Hilgard asked the participants to lift their finger if any part of their body felt pain o Most lifted their finger o They didn’t feel pain but this points to the fact one part of our consciousness monitors what is happening around us, another level obeys the hypnotists suggestions Drugs (terms) o Psychoactive change in the chemistry of the brain Affects the blood-brain barrier thick walls surrounding the brains blood vessels Agonists mimic neurotransmitters; these fit into receptor sites that would normally excite the neuron Antagonists prevent neurotransmitters from using the receptor sites o Drugs alter the levels of neurotransmitters across the board o Tolerance change that produces a need for more of the drug to achieve the same effect 4 o Withdrawal symptoms caused by lack of the substance o Dependence Psychological when the person feels an intense desire for the drug Physical dependence when the person uses the drug to avoid painful withdrawal symptoms Classification Effect Stimulants (Caffeine, cocaine, Speed up the function of body processes. amphetamines, nicotine) Includes feelings of euphoria. Disturbed sleep, reduced appetite, and increased anxiety are common side effects. Depressants (Alcohol, barbiturates, and Marked by the inhibition of different anxiolytics) brain regions. Hallucinogens (LSD, peyote, psilocybin, Cause changes in perception of reality, marijuana) including sensory hallucinations, loss of identity, and vivid fantasies. Some remain in the system for weeks. Effects are less predictable than the rest. Opiates (morphine, heroin, methadone, All similar to opium as they are derived and codeine) from the poppy plant. Act as agonists for endorphins; serve as powerful painkillers. Highly addictive and cause powerful withdrawal symptoms. 5