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Transcript
How We Become Who We Are – Processes & Patterns of Change A General Framework for Personality Psychology Life Events and Broad Social Contexts •Latent/Enduring Dispositions Traits – the broad strokes of how we differ from each other, eg N, E, O, A, C (& H?) Biology “In the Moment” Occurrent Cognitions Objective Environmental Properties Social and Behavioral Events Perceived Environmental Properties Occurrent Emotions From first class Nature and/or nurture – which one is more responsible for determining “who you are” (in terms of your personality)? What are the types of facts/observations that lead to one conclusion or the other? Why does this issue even matter? Personality Development and Change Processes • Biological forces and processes • Environmental forces and processes Patterns • “Stage” theories – Freud, Erikson • Empirically-demonstrated patterns of personality development/change Biological Forces and Processes Affecting Personality Note: I’ll email scale in prep for a later class. Please send your scores back to me, so I can aggregate for class Biological Approach Goals • Understand the way in which your biological characteristics might affect your personality. • Understand “how much” your personality is affected by your biology • Understand how we can answer these ageold questions scientifically. Biological Approach Outline: •Brain Anatomy •Biochemistry (Hormones, Neurotransmitters, Cytokines) •Genetic Effects, Evolution Brain Anatomy At a very general level, certain parts of the brain are (somewhat) associated with certain personality characteristics. How do we know this? • Case studies - Injuries/Disorders (eg, Phineas Gage, C. Whitman) • Brain imaging (PET scans, fMRI) Brain Anatomy – Frontal Lobes Phineas Gage (1848) •Accident Brain Anatomy – Frontal Lobes Personality changed – Gage became crude, uncaring, impulsive, irrational, anti-social Damasio H., Grabowski T,. Frank R., Galaburda AM., Damasio AR. (1994). The return of Phineas Gage: clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science. 264(5162):1102-5,. Ventromedial region of the frontal lobes on both sides - causing a defect in rational decision making and the processing of emotion Brain Anatomy – Frontal Lobes Brain tumour causes uncontrollable paedophilia NewScientist.com news service (Research presented at American Neurological Assoc conference, October 2002) The sudden and uncontrollable paedophilia exhibited by a 40-yearold man was caused by an egg-sized brain tumour, his doctors have told a scientific conference. And once the tumour had been removed, his sex-obsession disappeared. The cancer was located in the right lobe of the orbifrontal cortex, which is known to be tied to judgment, impulse control and social behaviour. Brain Anatomy Amygdala (part of limbic system) Brain Anatmoy - Amygdala Emotional experience - anger, fear, aggression, sexual responsiveness How do we know? • Removal from monkeys - alters aggression, fear, sex behavior • Case studies (eg, Charles Whitman) Neural imaging studies of brain anatomy and functioning CT scans, PET scans, MRI, fMRI – functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging SPECT - single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) What are they? What have we learned? Neural imaging - what is it? fMRI Neural imaging - what have we learned? Big Five traits Summary of : DeYoung, C. G., Hirsh, J. B., Shane, M. S., Papademetris, X., Rajeevan, N., & Gray, J. R. (2010). Testing predictions from personality neuroscience: Brain structure and the Big Five. Psychological Science, 21, 820–828. http://www.thepsychfiles.com/2010/07/episode-127-video-phrenology-maybe-they-were-on-to-something/ Biological Approach Outline: •Brain Anatomy •Biochemistry (Hormones, Neurotransmitters) •Genetic Effects, Evolution Biochemistry 3 Kinds of biochemicals: • Neurotransmitters, enzymes (nervous system) • eg - MAO, Serotonin • Hormones (endocrine system) • eg - testosterone, cortisol Biochemistry - Neurotransmitters MAO (monoamine oxidase) – related to sensation-seeking and impulsivity • In monkeys, infants, and adults Serotonin – related to depression, anxiety • Prozac influences Serotonin levels See DeYoung (2010) reading for more on dopamine, serotonin and personality traits Biochemistry - Hormones Cortisol – high levels related to shyness/inhibition? Testosterone - related to aggression and sexuality? • Some studies show link, but some don’t. • Also, testosterone levels can be influenced by experience (Soccer study, Chess study) A General Framework for Personality Psychology Life Events and Broad Social Contexts •Latent/Enduring Dispositions Traits – the broad strokes of how we differ from each other, eg N, E, O, A, C (& H?) Biology Brain Anatomy Biochemicals “In the Moment” Occurrent Cognitions Objective Environmental Properties Social and Behavioral Events Perceived Environmental Properties Occurrent Emotions Biochemistry - Hormones Testosterone and Sexual Orientation Williams, et al. (2000). Finger length patterns and human sexual orientation. Nature, 404, 455-456. Is amount of in-utero testosterone exposure related to sexual orientation? Biochemistry - Hormones In-utero testosterone level ? Finger length ratio Sexual orientation ?? Biochemistry - Hormones •720 Adults Xerox copy of hand (to assess finger length ratio) Questionnaire - gender, sexual orientation, # of older brothers, etc. Biochemistry - Hormones •Results: Females with more “masculine” finger length ratio (more in-utero testosterone exposure) were more likely to be homosexual Not so for males. So, there is some indication that hormonal levels are related to sexual orientation Biochemistry – Oxytocin “Love hormone” or “Bonding hormone” Eg, orgasm, social recognition, pair bonding, anxiety, and maternal behaviors https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GgGDLGCI4A But also, violence toward out-group individuals? Link to personality traits? Cereb Cortex. 2014 Feb;24(2):479-86.Oxytocin's fingerprint in personality traits and regional brain volume. Andari E1, Schneider FC, Mottolese R, Vindras P, Sirigu A. N= 30, blood samples, NEO-PI-R Biochemistry – Oxytocin Cereb Cortex. 2014 Feb;24(2):479-86.Oxytocin's fingerprint in personality traits and regional brain volume. Andari E1, Schneider FC, Mottolese R, Vindras P, Sirigu A. N= 30, blood samples, NEO-PI-R Trait Corr with Basal Oxytocin Levels E .44** N -.15 O .12 A -.11 C .05 ** p < .01 Biological Approach Outline: •Brain Anatomy •Biochemistry (Hormones, Neurotransmitters) •Genetic Effects, Evolution Genes, Evolution, and Personality To what degree are various personality traits genetically-influenced? How can we figure this out? Are specific traits linked to specific genes? Do women and men experience jealousy for different reasons, and if so why? What would a comprehensive biological model of personality look like? Genetic Effects on Personality Where do individual differences in biology come from? • Environment (early experiences) • Genes Genotype – underlying genetic profile Phenotype – actual trait expression Genetic Effects on Personality Three topics in “Genes and Personality” • Behavioral Genetics (to what degree is a trait inherited?) • Molecular Genetics (which genes affect which traits?) • Evolutionary Psychology (why do we have certain traits, behaviors?) Behavioral Genetics How can we test for genetic effects? Twin studies, adoptions studies • If a trait’s level is influenced by genes, then people who have similar genes should have similar trait levels. • The more genetically similar you are to someone, the more similar you should be to them on the trait • Genetic similarity ---> Phenotypic similarity Behavioral Genetics Genetic similarity – similarity on the genes that can differ across people • • • • Identical twins (Monozygotic) – 100% sim Fraternal twins (Dizygotic) – 50% similarity Parent and child; “regular” siblings – 50% Cousins – 25% Behavioral Genetics Study Example Example - Intelligence If intelligence is genetically-determined (to any degree), then identical twins should have more similar levels of intelligence than fraternal twins. Behavior Genetics Study Example High genotypic similarity Identical twins ________ IQ of first IQ of second Family Twin Twin Lower genotypic similarity Fraternal Twins_______ IQ of first IQ of second Family Twin Twin Family 1 110 112 Family 6 97 110 Family 2 102 118 Family 7 101 126 Family 3 103 98 Family 8 106 95 Family 4 90 96 Family 9 113 105 Family 5 95 92 Family 10 130 120 Identical twin corr = .67 High phenotypic similarity Fraternal twin corr = .33 Lower phenotypic similarity Behavioral Genetics “Heritability coefficient” – amount of phenotypic variability that is due to genotypic variability (Range from 0 to 1) H = (Identical twin Corr – Fraternal twin corr) x 2 Example H = (.67-.33) x 2 = .67 So, about 67% of the between-person differences in Intell arises because of genetic differences Behavioral Genetics “Heritability coefficient” – amount of phenotypic variability that is due to genotypic variability (Range from 0 to 1) Trait Height Blood Pressure Intelligence Extraversion Neuroticism Impulsivity / Sensation Seeking Average Heritability .85 .65 .70 .40 .55 .44 Behavioral Genetics Problems with this design? • Identical twins may share more similar genotype AND a more similar environment than fraternal twins So compare: • Identical twins reared together (similar genes, similar env) to • Identical twins reared apart (similar genes, dissimilar env). Behavioral Genetics So, for many core personality traits (temperament?) heritability is around .50. What to make of these data? • Genes affect personality • Genes affect some traits more than others • Environment affects personaltiy Molecular Genetics “Which genes affect which behaviors?” Molecular Genetics - example Gene May Link Alcoholism and Depression y CHERYL WITTENAUER, Associated Press Writer Original study published in Human Molecular Genetics ST. LOUIS - Scientists say they've identified a gene that appears to be linked to both alcoholism and depression, a finding that may one day help identify those at higher risk for the diseases and guide new treatments. Previous studies of twins and adopted siblings have suggested there likely are genes in common underlying alcoholism and depression, and that the two disorders seem to run in families. But the lead researcher of the new study says this is the first report of a specific gene that seems to increase risk for both disorders. Molecular Genetics Goate's team analyzed DNA from 2,310 people from 262 families in which at least three members were alcoholic. Some individuals in these families were also depressed alcoholics. Both groups had similar distinguishing characteristics in their DNA in a region on chromosome 7. Participants with both maladies were most likely to have the genetic similarity. Within that region of the chromosome, researchers isolated the CHRM2 gene, which is involved in attention, learning, memory and cognition. Goate's team found the gene was strongly associated with both alcoholism and depression. The association was strongest in those with both disorders, suggesting it's a susceptibility gene that puts people at risk for developing both diseases. This is the first time this particular gene has been implicated in depression. Researchers said probably multiple genes are involved in these two disorders. Original study published in Human Molecular Genetics. Molecular Genetics Complexity of linking Molecular genetics & Personality • • • • Technology Multiple genes for a trait? Interactions between genes Multiple other determinants of traits/behaviors • We’ll return to the idea of “gene-environment interactions” Evolutionary Psychology - overview We have genetic tendencies that affect our behavior Behaviors that are common today are present because, in the evolutionary history of the human species, those kinds of behaviors were helpful in survival and reproduction Tooby and Cosimedes Evolutionary Psychology & jealousy Do men and women experience jealousy differently? What drives jealousy? Evolutionary Psychology & jealousy Study – 202 college students “Please think of a serious committed romantic relationship that you have had in the past, that you currently have, or that you would like to have. Imagine that you discover that the person with whom you’ve been seriously involved became interested in someone else. What would distress or upset you more (please circle only one):” (A)Imagining your partner forming a deep emotional attachment to that person. (B)Imagining your partner enjoying passionate sexual intercourse with that other person. Evolutionary Psychology & jealousy (A) Imagining your partner forming a deep emotional attachment to that person. (B) Imagining your partner enjoying passionate sexual intercourse with that other person. Gender A (Emotional) B (Sexual) Female 83% 17% Male 40% 60% Evolutionary Psychology & jealousy Follow-up study revealed corresponding physiological reactions to the two scenarios (Pulse rate, muscular reactions in the brow, etc) : •Females - greater phys reaction to emo. infidelity (than to sexual) •Males - greater phys reaction to sexual infidelity (than to emo), What makes men jealous? Why? What makes women jealous? Why? Evolutionary Psychology Critiques of Evolutionary Psych Please see book’s discussion Zuckerman’s model of biology and personality Supertraits Extraversion SensationSeeking Neuroticism Traits Sociability, Activity Impulsivity vs Restraint General Emotionality CognitiveBehavioral Reward Expectations Behavioral Disinhibition vs Inhibition Punishement Expectations Emotions Positive Affect Anger Cortical Excitiation vs Inhibition Psychophysiology Anxiety Adrenergic arousal GABA Dopamine Biochemistry Genes Gonadal Hormones Serotonin Norepi,Epi DBH MAO Type B Genotypes BZ receptor agonists (& inverse agonists) Biological Approach Goals • Understand the way in which your biological characteristics might affect your personality. • Understand “how much” your personality is affected by your biology • Understand how we can answer these ageold questions scientifically.