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BOG LAUREL SUNDEW Look This shrub grows all over the bog. It is difficult to identify this shrub because it looks like a different shrub that also grows in the bog. Look This plant is very little. Look for it beside the boardwalk and at the end of the bog. Get down on your hands and knees to find this plant. It’s Cool Bog Laurel is very poisonous. It contains the poison andromedotoxin, which lowers blood pressure and causes breathing problems, dizziness, cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. The first nations would drink a tea of these leaves to commit suicide. It’s Cool This plant traps and eats insects!! Each leaf had modified hairs tipped with drops of sticky fluid. Unsuspecting insects become trapped in the glue. The leaf folds around the struggling insect, then digestive enzymes dissolve the insect, giving the plant the nutrients it needs to survive. Check it out 1. The leaves grow in which direction? 2. Describe the leaves. 3. Describe the underside of the leaves. 4. Do the leaves smell? 5. Are there flowers? What colour are the flowers? Check it out 1. What colour are the “hairs” on the leaves? 2. How big are the leaves? 3. How many “hairs” are on one leaf? 4. Can you find a leaf that is digesting an insect? LABRADOR TEA SPHAGNUM MOSS Look This is the most abundant shrub in the whole bog. Find your instructor to make sure you have identified the plant correctly. Look An incredible carpet of sphagnum moss covers the entire bog. Bacteria cannot decay the dead moss, thus there are many layers of dead moss, or peat moss, below the layers of living moss. Watch out for BOG MUMMIES! It’s Cool Labrador tea leaves contain high concentrations of vitamin C. The leaves, used by First Nations peoples and settlers, can be brewed to make a pleasant tea. Be careful not to confuse this plant with bog laurel, which is poisonous. Check it out 1. Does it have flowers? 2. Describe the leaves. 3. Describe the underside of the leaves. 4. Do the leaves smell good? 5. How do the leaves taste? It’s Cool Sphagnum moss is incredibly absorbent and is considered sterile. The First Nations people used sphagnum moss in diapers, and during the First World War it was used as an absorbent dressing for wounded soldiers. It is also believed to have antibiotic properties. Sphagnum moss grows layer upon layer to form a giant floating carpet that creates the foundation for the rest of the bog’s plant life. Check it out 1. Can you fid some exposed sphagnum moss? 2. How does the moss taste? 3. How many colours of moss can you see? 4. How much water comes out of a handful of squeezed sphagnum moss? OREGON GRAPE Look Bend over and look for this evergreen shrub on the forest floor. Look for dark green “holly-like” leaves. It’s Cool The tart, purple berries of Oregon Grape can be eaten. They are often mixed with sweeter berries to make jams, jellies, and even wine. The shredded bark of the stems and roots can be used to make a bright yellow dye. The bark and berries can be used medicinally for liver, gall-bladder and eye problems. Check it out 1. What colour are the flowers? 2. What do the leaves feel like? 3. Is there a difference between the leaves in the spring and the leaves in the fall? 4. How do the berries taste? ALDER Look These sun-loving, deciduous trees have smooth, thin, grey bark, which is often covered with white patches of lichens. It’s Cool Alders have a symbiotic relationship with actinimycete bacteria, which takes nitrogen from the air and “fixes” it in a form useful for plants. In our region, nitrogen is usually the nutrient most limiting plant growth, alder stands can contribute up to 320kg/ha of nitrogen per year. Alder wood is also considered to be the best possible fuel for smoking salmon. A solution of the bark was used against tuberculosis and other respiratory ailments. Check it out 1. What to the leaves feel like? 2. How big are the cones? 3. Do they change throughout the seasons? 4. Where are alders most often found on the bog walk? WESTERN RED CEDAR Look Look way up for the recognizable leave and bark of this Tree of Life! Notice the droopy branches and the scale-like “needles” that have a distinctive smell. It’s Cool Western Red Cedar is BC’s provincial tree, and can be considered the cornerstone of the northwest coast First Nations culture. The easily split, rot-resistant wood could be use to make just about everything: dugout canoes, house planks, totem poles, baskets, clothing, and hats! First Nations people could even harvest bark and boards from standing trees without harming them. Check it out 1. Describe the needles and bark of the tree. 2. What does this tree smell like? 3. What else do you know about this Tree of Life? WESTERN HEMLOCK Look Hemlock trees have graceful, down-sweeping branches; rough, reddish brown bark; and a conspicuously drooping top. The needles are short and flat, irregularly spaces, and of unequal length. It’s Cool Western Hemlock will only grow on sites with significant organic content in the soil. It has the densest canopy of any tree species in the west, so few understory plants can grow under it. Its bark has a high tannin content and can be used for tanning hides and soaking spruce-root baskets to make them watertight. Local First Nations people steeped the bark in urine to make black dye. Check it out 1. What do the needles taste like? 2. How big are the cones? 3. How many cones can you count on one western hemlock tree? DOUGLAS FIR Look Douglas Fir trees have thick, rough bark. Look down at your feet to find Douglas fir cones to help you identify this huge tree. It’s Cool Douglas fir trees can live for over a thousand years! Many old growth forests contain giant Douglas fir trees that have survived forest fires because of their fire resistant bark. Look to old standing dead Douglas firs as a source for pitch sticks – excellent fire starting material! The pitch (or sap) can also be used as a medicinal salve for wounds and skin irritations. Check it out 1. What do the needles feel like? 2. What do the cones look like? 3. How thick is the bark? 4. How many Douglas Firs can you count along the bog walk trail? SWORD FERN Look This evergreen fern can grow up to 1.5 m tall, with large, erect leaves. Look for the shape of a swords hilt at the base of the leaf near the stem to identify this plant. It’s Cool Sword fern leaves were used by northwest coast people as a protective layer in traditional pit ovens, in storage boxes, baskets, and on berry-drying racks. The leaves were also used for bedding. This fern grows on a rhizome, which could be cooked and eaten as a cure for diarrhea. Check it out 1. What do the leaves look like in the spring? 2. How many shoots grow from each plant? 3. Who can find the tallest sword fern plant on the bog walk trail? BRACKEN FERN SALAL Look Bracken fern have large, solitary fronds that can grow from 3 to 5 m in height. The leaflets grow in 10 or more opposite pairs, the lowest broadly triangular, the upper ones progressively smaller and lance-shaped. Look Salal is an evergreen with thick, leathery, eggshaped leaves. The flowers are white or pinkish and turn into reddish-blue to dark-purple berries. It’s Cool Bracken fern is the world’s most widespread fern. Dried, brown bracken fern makes great tinder for starting fires! The rhizomes of this fern can be roasted and eaten. If you do eat bracken fern, be careful. Eat it in small amounts because it has been implicated in livestock poisoning and stomach cancer. It’s Cool Salal is one of the most common forest understory shrubs in our region. In some areas of the coast it can form an impenetrable thicket. The dark, juicy berries were a plentiful and important fruit for the First Nations people. Salal pickers can earn a lot of money from florists. Salal is used a decorative greens in flower arrangements. Check it out 1. Do you see more dead bracken fern than live bracken fern? 2. Where on the bog walk trail do you see the most bracken fern? Check it out 1. What do the leaves feel like? 2. What to the berries taste like? 3. Would a salal leaf make good natural toilet paper? BOG CRANBERRY Look This plant is tiny! Look for a trailing plant on the moss in the bog. It’s Cool This delicate bog plant has existed for several million years! The cranberries grow on the end and taste tart. Cooking and sweetening help. Besides providing food for birds, bears, and humans, cranberries are also a natural red dye. Check it out 1. What is the longest stem you can find? 2. Are there any berries? Any old berries from last year? 3. Are there flowers? What colour? 4. What colour are the leaves? 5. Which way do the leaf edges roll? NURSERY LOG Look Nursery logs are rotting fallen down trees that make a nutritious nursery for young saplings, shrubs, ferns, and fungi. Look for moss covered tree trunks on the forest floor. It’s Cool As a fallen log decays its nutrients “leak” into the surrounding soil. As other plants start growing on it the fallen log becomes the perfect seedbed for the big conifers in the temperate rainforest. As the log rots away the root systems of the new trees create cool looking archways and even more habitat for plants and animals in the forest. Check it out 1. Can you find any nurse logs along the bog walk trail? 2. Can you find any standing trees that may have at one time been nursed by another tree? BIGLEAF MAPLE BIGLEAF MAPLE Look It has the largest leaves of any maple, typically 1530 cm across. Its greyish-brown bark becomes shallowly grooved when older often draped in moss, as the bark is rich in calcium and moisture. Look It has the largest leaves of any maple, typically 1530 cm across. Its greyish-brown bark becomes shallowly grooved when older often draped in moss, as the bark is rich in calcium and moisture. It’s Cool Coastal peoples used Bigleaf Maple wood to make dishes, pipes and hooks for clothing. Many groups who made paddles out of the wood called it the paddle tree. They used the inner bark to make baskets and rope. Because of its close grain and moderate hardness, maple wood is used commercially for furniture, interior finishing, and musical instruments. The sap has low sugar content, requiring a large quantity of sap to make a small amount of syrup. It’s Cool Coastal peoples used Bigleaf Maple wood to make dishes, pipes and hooks for clothing. Many groups who made paddles out of the wood called it the paddle tree. They used the inner bark to make baskets and rope. Because of its close grain and moderate hardness, maple wood is used commercially for furniture, interior finishing, and musical instruments. The sap has low sugar content, requiring a large quantity of sap to make a small amount of syrup. Check it out 1. Where have you seen the leaves before? 2. Do they change throughout the year? 3. Where are the Maples found on the walk? Check it out 1. Where have you seen the leaves before? 2. Do they change throughout the year? 3. Where are the Maples found on the walk? BIGLEAF MAPLE BIGLEAF MAPLE Look It has the largest leaves of any maple, typically 1530 cm across. Its greyish-brown bark becomes shallowly grooved when older often draped in moss, as the bark is rich in calcium and moisture. Look It has the largest leaves of any maple, typically 1530 cm across. Its greyish-brown bark becomes shallowly grooved when older often draped in moss, as the bark is rich in calcium and moisture. It’s Cool Coastal peoples used Bigleaf Maple wood to make dishes, pipes and hooks for clothing. Many groups who made paddles out of the wood called it the paddle tree. They used the inner bark to make baskets and rope. Because of its close grain and moderate hardness, maple wood is used commercially for furniture, interior finishing, and musical instruments. The sap has low sugar content, requiring a large quantity of sap to make a small amount of syrup. It’s Cool Coastal peoples used Bigleaf Maple wood to make dishes, pipes and hooks for clothing. Many groups who made paddles out of the wood called it the paddle tree. They used the inner bark to make baskets and rope. Because of its close grain and moderate hardness, maple wood is used commercially for furniture, interior finishing, and musical instruments. The sap has low sugar content, requiring a large quantity of sap to make a small amount of syrup. Check it out 1. Where have you seen the leaves before? 2. Do they change throughout the year? 3. Where are the Maples found on the walk? Check it out 1. Where have you seen the leaves before? 2. Do they change throughout the year? 3. Where are the Maples found on the walk?