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Transcript
Dr. Kim Wilson Part A: Anatomy of the Human Heart Anatomy of the Heart Reference Exercise 30, pg. 443 - 452 Major Structures of the Human Heart Gross Anatomy of the Human Heart Cone-shaped organ, shaped like a fist Function of cardiovascular system: circulation (heart pumps blood through the blood vessels) Heart Orientation Apex - directed anteriorly, inferiorly and to the left Base - directed posteriorly, superiorly and to the right Anterior surface - deep to the sternum and ribs Inferior surface - rests on the diaphragm Right border - faces right lung Left border (pulmonary border) - faces left lung Notes courtesy of Dr. Anita Kandula, DeAnza College Anatomy of the Human Heart Location: mediastinum (area from sternum to vertebral column and between the lungs Tip or apex faces left side and Top of the heart is the base, faces right side Fluid filled sac to protect is pericardium (visceral and parietal) Heart action Contraction is systole Relaxation is diastole Chambers Top two chambers are atria where blood enters heart Bottom two chambers are ventricles where blood exits Notes courtesy of Dr. Anita Kandula, DeAnza College Anatomy of the Heart - Layers Pericardium The heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels are enclosed by the pericardium. Consists of an outer fibrous bag--fibrous pericardium which surrounds a more delicate double-layered sac – serous pericardium Fibrous pericardium dense irregular CT protects and anchors the heart, prevents overstretching Serous pericardium Inner layer of this sac--visceral pericardium (epicardium) covers the heart At the base of the heart the visceral pericardium turns back on itself to become the parietal pericardium. Between the parietal and visceral layers is the pericardial cavity which contains serous fluid--pericardial fluid. The fluid reduces friction between the pericardial membranes when the heart moves within them Notes courtesy of Dr. Anita Kandula, DeAnza College Anatomy of the Heart - Layers Layers of the heart wall Epicardium ○ visceral layer of serous pericardium ○ Also called visceral pericardium ○ Functions as an outer protective layer ○ Serous membrane that consists of connective tissue covered by epithelium. Myocardium ○ Cardiac muscle layer is the bulk of the heart ○ Relatively thick ○ Consists largely of cardiac muscle tissue responsible for forcing blood out of the heart chambers. ○ Thickness of myocardium varies according to the function of the chamber Notes courtesy of Dr. Anita Kandula, DeAnza College Anatomy of the Heart – Layers cont. Endocardium ○ innermost layer, lines chamber & valves ○ Consists of epithelial and connective tissue that contains many elastic and collagenous fibers ○ Lines all of the heart chambers and covers heart valves (is continuous with the inner lining of blood vessels— endothelium) Atria are thin walled, deliver blood to adjacent ventricles Ventricles are thick walled as they pump blood away from heart Notes courtesy of Dr. Anita Kandula, DeAnza College Anatomy of the Heart - Chambers Chambers Internally, the heart is divided into four (4) hollow chambers Upper chambers--atria Have relatively thin walls and receive blood from veins. Lower chambers—ventricles, which force blood out of the heart into the arteries. The atrium and ventricle on the right side are separated from those on the left by the interatrial septum and interventricular septum Notes courtesy of Dr. Anita Kandula, DeAnza College Anatomy of the Heart – Surface The atrium on each side communicates with its corresponding ventricle through an opening called the atrioventricular orifice which is guarded by an A-V valve. Grooves on the surface of the heart mark the divisions between its chambers and also contain the major coronary arteries The deepest groove is the coronary sulcus which encircles the heart between the atrial and ventricular portions. It contains the coronary sinus The anterior and posterior interventricular sulci indicate the location of the septum that separates the right and left ventricles. Small ear-like projections--auricles--extend outward from the atria. The anterior interventricular sulcus contains the left coronary artery and the great cardiac vein. The posterior interventricular sulcus contains the right coronary artery and middle cardiac vein Notes courtesy of Dr. Anita Kandula, DeAnza College Anatomy of the Heart – Right Atrium Receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus They return blood low in O2 from the body. The right atrium and right ventricle are separated by a large tricuspid valve Has three cusps composed of dense CT covered by endocardium Valve permits blood to move from the right atrium into the right ventricle and prevents it from passing in the opposite direction Interatrial septum partitions the atria Fossa ovalis is a remnant of the fetal foramen ovale Notes courtesy of Dr. Anita Kandula, DeAnza College Anatomy of the Heart Atrioventricular Valves Chordae Tendineae - are attached to the cusps of the valve. Originate from small mounds of muscle tissue--papillary muscle--which project into chamber from the wall of the ventricle. When the tricuspid valve closes the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles prevent the cusps from swinging into the atrium. Notes courtesy of Dr. Anita Kandula, DeAnza College Anatomy of the Heart – Right Ventricle The right ventricle has a much thicker wall than the right atrium. The arrangement of muscle is called trabeculae carnae. The right ventricle has much thinner walls than the left ventricle. Pumps blood a relatively short distance to the lungs against relatively low resistance to blood flow. When the right ventricle contracts, blood in the chamber is subjected to increasing pressure and the tricuspid valve closes passively. Pressure changes Pressure in the right ventricle continues to rise as the ventricle contracts. This forces the pulmonary semilunar valve leading into the pulmonary trunk to open Blood from the right ventricle passes into the pulmonary trunk which divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries. At the base of this trunk is the pulmonary semilunar valve which consists of three cusps. This valve opens when the right ventricle contracts. When the right ventricular muscles relax, blood begins to back up causing the semilunar valve to close. Blood via the pulmonary arteries goes to the right and left lung where it is oxygenated Notes courtesy of Dr. Anita Kandula, DeAnza College Anatomy of the Heart – Left Atrium The left atrium receives blood from four pulmonary veins (two form the right lung and two from the left lung). Forms most of the base of the heart Blood then passes from the left atrium thru the left atrioventricular valve which consists of two leaflets and is also called the bicuspid or mitral valve. Prevents blood from flowing back the left atrium from the left ventricle Notes courtesy of Dr. Anita Kandula, DeAnza College Anatomy of the Heart – Left Ventricle Forms the apex of heart Fills with blood from left atrium Left ventricle begins to contract When pressure in left ventricle more than that in left atrium, left AV valve closes When the left ventricle contracts, the bicuspid valve closes and the only exit for the blood is through the aorta. At the base of the aorta is an aortic semilunar valve that consists of three cusps. It opens and allows blood to leave the left ventricle. When the ventricular muscles relax, this valve closes and prevents blood from backing up into the ventricle. Notes courtesy of Dr. Anita Kandula, DeAnza College Anatomy of the Heart - Aorta Blood passes through aortic semilunar valve valve into the ascending aorta Just above valve are the openings to the coronary arteries which supplies the tissues of the heart Branches of the aorta then distribute blood to all parts of the body. Notes courtesy of Dr. Anita Kandula, DeAnza College Anatomy of the Heart - Valves Heart valves to prevent blood backflow between chambers Heart valves open and close in response to pressure changes between the chambers they separate Atrioventricular (AV) valves Between atria and ventricles Left is biscuspid or mitral valve Right is tricuspid valve Semilunar valves Between ventricles and major arteries leaving heart Right is pulmonary semilunar valve ○ Blood to lung via pulmonary trunk Left is aortic semilunar valve ○ Blood to whole body via aorta Notes courtesy of Dr. Anita Kandula, DeAnza College Basic Anatomy of the Heart http://www.yourheartvalve.com/heartbasi cs/heartanatomy.htm Good site to review functions and valves Heart, anterior view Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart, anterior view Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart, anterior view Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart, posterior view Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart, posterior view Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart, Arteries and Veins (posterior view) Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart, anterosuperior view Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart, anterosuperior view Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart, coronal section Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart, right ventricle open (anterior view) Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart valves, superior view Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart, right atrium opened, superior view Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart blood vessels, anterior view Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart blood vessels, posterior view Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart blood vessels, lateral view, right side Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart, anteroinferior view Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Heart, Purjunkie Fibers Specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles Function: relay cardiac impulses to the cells of the ventricles, which allow the ventricles to contract Source: http://lxixixl.com/keyword/cardiac%20muscle%20fibres/ Part B: Anatomy of the Sheep Heart Follow diagrams (1-3) in your lab manual for dissection procedure of the sheep heart. Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Major Structures of the Sheep Heart Sheep Heart Dissection Brachiocephalic 1 Artery (Oxygenated) 2 Aortic Arch . (Oxygenated) Openings for 3 Pulmonary Veins . (Oxygenated) Opening for 4 Inferior Vena . Cava (Deoxygenated) 5 Left Ventricle . Opening for 6 Superior Vena . Cava (Deoxygenated) 7 Right Auricle . 8 Right Ventricle . Sheep Heart, whole Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Sheep Heart, frontal section Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Sheep Heart, Frontal Section Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Sheep Heart, right side opened, posterior view 1. Right Atrium 2. Right Ventricle 3. Myocardium (Note Thinness) 4. Opening of Coronary Sinus 5. Inferior Vena Cava 6. Superior Vena Cava 7. Pectinate Muscle 8. Tricuspid Valve 9. Papillary Muscle 10. Moderator Band Source: http://homes.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/circ/rtheartpo st.htm Sheep Heart, left side, lateral view 1. Pulmonary Artery 2. Brachiocephali c Artery 3. Aorta 4. Aortic Seminlunar Valve 5. Opening for Coronary Artery 6. Trabeculae Carnae of Left Ventricle 7. Ventricular Myocardium (Note Thickness) Source: http://homes.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/circ/ltheartlat2.htm Questions Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education: Image reproduced with permission. Useful Web Resources http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio2 02/cyberheart/hartint_.htm Animated quiz on the human heart model