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Assignment
On
Industrial applications of enzymes
Date: 8 Oct, 2007
Genes for Jeans!
• It's hard to believe that annual sales of jeans
like yours make up part of a $700 Billion
global industry! Yup, jeans are BIG business
these days.
• In 1999, over 200 million pairs were sold in
Europe alone. In the US, jeans are an even
hotter commodity, with about with about a
dozen pairs flying off the shelves every
second
• Enzymes have been used in the textiles industry since the turn
of the century to remove starchy and waxy residues from raw
materials and to give fabric a uniform finish.
• Global sales of enzymes used in the textiles industry reached
$164.2 million in 1998 and reached $182.7 million by 2002.
• Genencor is one of the major producers of industrial enzymes.
The enzymes used in biostoning are known as "cellulases."
• The gene for the cellulase enzyme was first isolated
from the fungus Trichoderma reesei. Cellulases
digest cellulose -- the main component of cotton and
other natural plant fibers.
• In the early days, one problem with biostoning was
"back staining." But maintaining the pH of the wash
load between 6-8 has successfully controlled both
problems. Today, biostoning can achieve the same
effect as traditional stone washing, but without the
damaging abrasion of the fabric and equipment.
• Biostoning is by far the most economical and environmentally
friendly way to treat denim.
Enzymes hai na!
• This formulation is further fortified with
safe bleach system and colour safe bleach
system and enzymes for superior stain
removal in washing machines. Do you
need more reasons?
NH3+
Ammonium is toxic and must be excreted:
• Aquatic animals excrete ammonium directly
- ammonotelic.
• Birds and reptiles excrete uric acid
- uricotelic.
• Mammals excrete urea - ureotelic.
• Deficiencies in the urea cycle lead to
hyperammonemia.
• The inability to oxidize phenylalanine results
in phenylketonuria, a genetic disorder
resulting in severe mental retardation.
• The first step in the production of urea is the
generation of carbamoyl phosphate:
• The enzyme which mediates this reaction is
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. The net
reaction for this process is:
• Urea is produced in a series of reactions which
take place in the mitochondrial matrix and
cytosol of liver cells. These reactions are
referred to as the urea cycle:
• The reactions which produce carbamoyl
phosphate and citrulline both occur within the
mitochondrial matrix, the other reactions occur
in the cytosol.
• The carbamoyl group is transferred to Ornithine by
Ornithine transcarbamoylase to form citrulline.
• The energy from this reaction comes from the
phosphate bond of carbamoyl phosphate.
Argininosuccinate
synthetase
catalyzes
a
condensation between citrulline and aspartate to
form argininosuccinate. This reaction uses ATP,
releasing AMP and PPi. The pyrophosphate is
hydrolyzed,
driving
the
reaction
forward.
Argininosuccinase
cleave
argininosuccinate,
producing fumarate and arginine. Arginine is
hydrolyzed, releasing urea and producing ornithine,
which can begin the cycle again.
“Ordinarily Careless Crappers Are Also
Frivolous About Urination.”
Urea
• Synthesis of Urea gains importance bcoz of its
integration with TCA cycle, which serves as a
source of aspartate.
• Urea by itself has no physiological effect in the
body though its increase in blood is a
consequence of renal damage
• However it has diuretic action.
• A common observation is that a high protein
diet is followed by increased excretion of urine
and to replace the water loss, one feels thirsty
and drinks more water.
• Uremia: a pathological state when blood urea
increases above 50mg%. Acute uremia is
associated with anuria.
Metabolic disorders
• Deficiency of the 5 enzymes…..
• Ammonia intoxication, vomiting, aversion to high protein
food, irritability, lethargy, intermittent ataxia and mental
retardation.
– HYPERAMMONEMIA TYPE I: CARBOMYL PHOSPHATE
SYNTHASE
– HYPERAMMONEMIA TYPE II:
– ORNITHINE TRANS CARBOMYLASE
– CITRULLINEMIA: ARGINOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE
– ARGINOSUCCINIC ACIDURIA: ARGINOSUCCINASE
– HYPERARGININEMIA: ARGINASE