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Geography: The Greek Homeland -Built small City-States, cut off from each other by land or water -Greeks felt strong loyalty to their tiny city-states, and fiercely defended them -Wars between city-states Greek coastlines -Provided safe harbors for ships -Greeks became skilled sailors -Carried cargoes of olive oil, wine and marble The Polis -Name for a Greek city-state -Population of each City-State was small Early Governments Greeks had different forms of government -Monarchy, King, queen, etc. -Slowly power turned to the class of noble landowners -Aristocracy- Rule by a landholding elite -Oligarchy-power is in the hands of small, powerful elite, usually from the business class Changes in Warfare -Contributed to the increased power of the middle class -Iron tools replaced bronze ones (iron was cheaper) Phalanx-was a massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers -Reduced class differences, because it put defense in the hands of ordinary citizens Chapter 5 section 4 The glory that was Greece Lovers of Wisdom Group of thinkers called the sophists questioned ideas of truth and justice -To them, truth was more important than moral truths -Urged students to develop skills in rhetoric, or the art of skillful speaking -Turmoil of the Peloponnesian war, led many Athenian youths to support the sophists Socrates Most of what we know about Socrates comes from his student Plato -Wrote no books -Went around questioning people about their beliefs (their reason for things) -Urged his students to examine the world around them (Socratic method) -Sentenced to death by an Athenian jury (corruption of youth) Plato Left Athens for ten years because of Socrate's death -The Republic Plato describes his vision of an ideal state -Wrote that a state should control every aspect of a person's life -Thought there should be three classes: 1. workers to produce the necessities 2. Soldiers to defend the state 3. Philosophers should rule Aristotle (do not write this down) -student of Plato -Studied the different kinds of governments (monarchies, Aristocracies, democracies) -Found good and bad examples of each -Questioned democracy, thought it may led to mob rule -Promoted reason as the guiding force for learning The Search for Beauty and Order Architecture -Tried to make buildings, temples, etc. balanced to reflect the harmony and order of the universe -Greek architecture has been admired for centuries Poetry and Drama Set a standard called the classic style (elegance, harmony, and balance) -epics Greek Plays -Performed outdoors, in large theaters cut out in the sides of hills -little to no scenery -Greek drama were usually based on Greek myths and legends -Tragedies- Greek plays that told stories of human suffering -Comedies- Humorous plays that mocked people Alexander and the Hellenistic Age Macedonian Ambitions Phillip II the King of Macedonia took over Athens and other Greek city-states -Wanted to conquer the Persian Empire -before he could take action, he was killed at his daughter's wedding A Mighty conqueror Alexander was 20 when he took the throne -already an experienced solider Conquest in Persia -Like his father, Alexander planned to invade Persia -Darius III was weak, people were rebellious -Alexander took over Persia -Never lost a battle Sudden Death -Fell victim to a sudden fever -Caused his death Legacy of Alexander Alexander's empire crumbled without him -Most lasting achievement was the spread of Greek culture -Founded many new cities -Blending of Eastern and Western cultures took place New culture emerged known as Hellenistic civilization -Blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian influences Hellenistic Civilization Alexandria -City at the heart of the Hellenistic world -Markets had a wide range of goods -city included Greeks, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Persians Opportunities for Women -No longer restricted to the house -More learned how to read and write -Some became poets, and philosophers Hellenistic Civilization Hellenistic rulers felt like they had to glorify themselves as godlike, absolute monarchies -Led to schools of philosophy Stoicism- founded by Zeno, to accept what life brings Advances in Mathematics and Sciences Pythagoras developed the Pythagorean formula -Astronomers determined the earth rotated on it's axis -Earth was round -Lever and Pulley Medicine Hippocrates looked for the cause of illnesses and cures -Moral oath for doctors