Download drug residues store in the body following

DRUG RESIDUES STORE IN THE BODY FOLLOWING CESSATION
OF USE: IMPACTS ON ENDOCRINE BALANCE AND BEHAVIOR – A
METHOD FOR THEIR REMOVAL.
by: Marie Cecchini, MS∗
Introduction
Retention of man-made chemicals in the body
is a more widespread problem than previously
thought. One study alone found 167 different
contaminants in volunteers who do not work
with chemicals or near industrial facilities.11
Illicit drugs and medications are similar to
pesticides and pollutants with respect to their
potential for long term storage. Data exists
demonstrating that drug residues persist in
certain tissues, however, much more is
unknown than is known. Compounds that tend
to bioaccumulate do so because of their
chemical nature. Most illicit drugs and
medications are lipophilic, tending to deposit
in areas rich in fat, especially adipose as well
as other organs.
Tests to determine chemical safety and
consequent health impacts do not take into
account combinations of contaminants, thus
effects are largely underestimated or
unobserved. Retention in the body makes
chemicals capable of negative health effects in
a number of ways:
used to detoxify are then not available for
other processes creating local deficiencies.
Chronic exposure may result in systemic
deficiencies.
Adipose is not just a store of excess calories
and other “unwanted” compounds. It is now
known that hormones released by adipose
regulate many bodily functions. Any
disruption has potential for a multitude of
adverse effects. The endocrine functions for
the hormones of white fat are still being
worked out and include roles in regulating
emotion, energy level and basic body
metabolism, hunger, and cravings. Another
class of compounds released by white fat
regulates inflammatory response. Emotional
problems, fatigue, weight change, and
inflammation are part of the cluster of
symptoms characterizing toxic exposure.
Research is just beginning to reveal how drugs
disrupt the endocrine function of white fat,
including ties to altered mood and cravings not
fully explained by other psychoactive
properties of the drug.
1. Many drugs and toxins mimic substances
naturally found in the body and can directly
enhance, reduce, or block normal chemical
communication – often causing effects very
dissimilar to those of the endogenous
substance. Illicit drugs and medications may
be stored in biologically active forms
becoming available when later released back
into circulation.
Preventing exposure is necessary and urgent.
For those exposed, there is a regimen that
holds promise. The Hubbard sauna method
aids in broad elimination of chemical
contaminants and includes components that
restore health. Symptoms associated with
exposures to drugs are alleviated using the
Hubbard regimen, including improvements in
mental health not seen using conventional
drug rehabilitation methods.
2. Retention of toxins in key organs can
directly impair organ health and function.
Evidence for Drug Storage in
Adipose
3. Body tissues involved in eliminating toxins
require certain nutrients. Nutrients________
The focus in the 1960s and 1970s on whether
or not various synthetic compounds could
cause cancer completely obscured – for over
two decades – the ability these synthetic
chemicals have at very low levels to impact
other aspects of health, including cognitive
∗
Foundation for Advancements in Science and
Education (FASE), Los Angeles, CA.
behavior and reproductive function.19
Unfortunately for many species of birds and
mammals – including mankind – these
chemicals can now be detected in the fat of all
of us.9,36 Data is emerging that demonstrates
not only adverse health effects in our
generation, but additional adverse effects for
at least two subsequent generations.12 While
these findings are most commonly associated
with pesticides, dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs,
the relationship between fat solubility and
biologic availability of many drugs indicates a
need to better understand and address long
term storage of the pharmaceutical category of
foreign chemicals.
The fate and biological activity of a compound
are largely determined by the chemical
properties of that compound.60 The distribution
patterns and speed at which chemicals move
into various tissues are largely driven by
lipophilicity – the tendency of a compound to
move into lipid-rich spaces. Drugs tend to be
very lipophilic, to have a large distribution
volume and to deposit in various tissues in the
following order: lung, fat, heart, kidney, brain,
gut, muscle and bone, preferentially
accumulating in lysosomesi.61
Like environmental contaminants, drugs
and/or their metabolites – both pharmaceutical
and illicit – also have the potential to remain
in the body for an extended time, contributing
to the accumulation of complex mixtures of
synthetic compounds.10,54,35 LSD was shown to
have this property very early on.4 Cocaine has
been demonstrated to rapidly move into the fat
tissues following use.13,45,59 The even
distribution patterns of cocaine and
methamphetamine metabolites in adipose after
drug-related deaths indicate these drugs had
been stored for some time34 Phencyclidine
(PCP) has been shown to persist in fat and
brain tissues, an observation thought to
account for some of the long-lasting
_____________________________________
i
Lysosomes are cell organelles responsible for
breaking down foreign substances and waste
products, especially common in certain white
blood cells and liver and kidney cells.
behavioral effects.41 PCP levels in fat decline
for a few days following injection, but then
remain relatively constant for up to three
weeks, the longest time the levels were
monitored. Further, stress can result in
mobilization of PCP, amphetamine and their
metabolites from fat into blood.14,53 The
widely-prescribed benzodiazapene family of
tranquilizers is also well-characterized with
respect to its distribution and persistence in fat
tissues.26,37,40 Even certain metabolites of
alcohol – itself a water soluble substance – are
found in liver and fat following use.48
These storage patterns also apply to drugs with
medical value. Studies show that the doses of
various barbiturates and the tranquilizer
diazepam when given to obese people must be
substantially increased due to disposition into
adipose resulting in reduced availability.5,6
Clearance is also affected, not because the
kidneys are processing the drug differently,
but because of a release from fat.1,2 Finally, a
series of studies comparing the storage and
clearance rates of drugs measured in fat people
and then re-measured when these people lost
their extra fat showed initial adipose
distribution and retention that decreased after
losing the fat.7,8 This research demonstrates a
two-week retention in fat stores of several
common medicines, longer times were not
evaluated.
One of the most fat soluble substances of
abuse is THC, a compound that is metabolized
into over 60 different specific chemicals after
ingestion/inhalation – a property that makes
detection particularly difficult.32 For the first
hour after administration, blood THC levels
decline very rapidly. After the first hour, the
THC decline is much slower – with a half-life
of 50 to 60 hours.33,38 This biphasic
elimination curve and long apparent half-life
of detectable blood THC levels is actually due
to rapid disposition into lipid rich tissues and
subsequent re-release.43 Accumulation in
adipose of chronic users results in longer rerelease and detection than that following
single use.17 THC has been detected in adipose
for up to 4 weeks after last use,27 but sensitive
assays can detect THC in blood and urine up
to two months following discontinued use.16,23
Longer detection periods have not been
evaluated.
Recent evidence shows that rapid
sequestration of THC to fat leaves less than 1
percent of the consumed THC remaining in
blood and available to reach the brain.
Interestingly, this low blood level actually
correlates with the "pleasant sensory
phenomenon" described by users.43 A slow
release of THC from stores into the blood,
combined with very low blood concentrations
required for a drug effect gives the possibility
of flashbacks, a phenomenon that has been
clinically documented coincident with a spike
in blood THC measured two weeks after last
use.46
THC mimics endocannabinoids –
cannabinoids made by the body. As predicted,
release of the drug THC from stores will alter
normal levels of THC and adversely affect
those functions under endocannabinoid
control. For example, a biologic explanation
for the long-observed decrease in male sperm
count in otherwise healthy marijuana users
appears to involve very low levels of THC
within the testicular compartment. These
levels are of long duration due to re-release
from fat stores.44 Additionally, intra-uterine
concentrations of endocannabinoids must be at
a specific concentration for embryonal
implantation. Increased levels of cannabinoids
are linked with miscarriage.20
Drugs Impact Adipose Functions:
Influence on Addictive Behaviors
In addition to the possibility that low level,
long term release of psychoactive chemicals
from adipose may be directly responsible for
adverse behavioral and physical health, the
potential for adipose-stored chemicals to alter
normal endocrine function of white fat is
alarming. The old view of fat as a place for the
body to store extra calories and possibly act as
a “sink” where the drug is no longer in
circulation changed dramatically in 1994 with
the discovery of leptin,62 a hormone secreted
by fat cells in white adipose tissue with
regulatory roles in metabolism, food craving,
endocrine function, behavior and mood.39,3 We
now know that white fat secretes a number of
hormones revealing new interconnections
between nutritional status, immune system and
metabolic regulations24 including metabolic
syndrome – a cluster of symptoms that include
insulin resistance, cholesterol imbalance, and
weight gain.58
Leptin functions as a key link between
nutrition and the function of most, if not all
other physiologic systems.21 Leptin levels
communicate to the hypothalamus – a region
of the brain that regulates many basic
processes including food intake,
thermoregulation and control of anterior
pituitary secretion – which in turn regulates
other components of the endocrine system
including thyroid, adrenal, ovarian and
testicular function. Increased adipose volume
will normally increase leptin levels, in turn
signaling a decrease in hypothalamus
endocannabinoids resulting in decreased
appetite.18,22 The well-known “mad munchies”
stimulation of appetite following
ingestion/inhalation of THC from marijuana is
an example of short-circuiting the white fathypothalamus feedback mechanism. An
increasing amount of data highlights the broad
reach of the leptin-hypothalamus relationship
in endocrine regulation and energy
balance.58,47
Interestingly, leptin regulation appears to have
a role in a number of addictive behaviors and
craving. Use of cocaine and amphetamines
depress leptin but decrease appetite.15 Leptin
depletion results in increased cocaine and
amphetamine regulated transcript(CART) in
the hypothalamus31 – a region of the brain
involved in sleep regulation, emotions, food
and water intake, and other endocrine
functions.56,42 Excess CART production has
been associated with the anxiety that is part of
the paranoia of drug addiction.28 Food or
alcohol consumption will turn off the anxiety
by increasing leptin levels and subsequently
turn off CART.
Plasma leptin and adipocytokineii levels are
increased by alcohol and heroin intake.25,51
Adipocytokines increase inflammation, a
common secondary problem in these
addictions. Increased plasma leptin is
associated with alcohol craving.29 Inducing
starvation and concurrent release of leptin
caused animals to once again crave heroin
after they had been through a prolonged drug
free period.51
Figure 1. Cocaine
metabolites in sweat and
urine during sauna
detoxification
A possible vicious circle is suggested,
including the components of drug intake,
altered leptin secretion, unwanted behaviors,
enhanced craving, and consecutively increased
drug intake.
Use of Sauna Detoxification Treatment to
Address Contamination from Drug
Exposures
The Hubbard method of detoxification, a
regimen including exercise, sauna bathing, and
vitamin and mineral supplements, is a
rehabilitative treatment intervention developed
to aid in the broad elimination of chemicals and
address adverse health affects resulting from
chemical exposure.50 Its safety and effectiveness
treating a wide range of exposures have been
established for more than two decades.
Given the tendency for drugs of abuse to
accumulate in tissues, this regimen has been
implemented as one component of the
completely drug free, social educational
program with a series of standardized
components). The Hubbard sauna
detoxification method has been Narconon™
Drug Rehabilitation Program since 1979 (The
Narconon program is a delivered to over
21,000 individuals to address cravings and
other protracted withdrawal symptoms
stemming from the physical aspects of
addiction.
A preliminary study has demonstrated the
ability of this method to eliminate cocaine and
valium metabolites in sweat and urine of
recovering addicts for up to five weeks
following the start of sauna treatment.52 Figure
1 is a graph plotting levels of cocaine in sweat
and urine of one of the six study subjects
followed during the sauna regimen. The
subject had completed several components of
the Narconon program in the weeks prior to
starting the sauna regimen, and had remained
drug free after enrollment onto the Narconon
program.
In the same study, 249 subjects were asked to
self-report the severity of various physical
symptoms before and after sauna
detoxification. Figure 2 shows how the
severity diminished on completion of the
sauna regimen.
Figure 2: Symptom severity
in 249 drug users before and
after the Hubbard method of
detoxification
An earlier study on 103 subjects, 41 of whom
were substance abusers, demonstrated
increases in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
IQ averaging 6.7 points.50 This same study
showed a decrease on several scales of the
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
profile. Table 1. shows the change in fourth
scale scores – a decrease is an improvement
that is particularly hopeful for sociopaths, a
Figure 3. Post Detoxification
Change in Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale
PCBs showed impaired memory and cognitive
functions and peripheral neuropathy 6 months
following exposure. These symptoms
30
improved following detoxification treatment.
A study evaluating the Hubbard method as a
treatment for residents of the area
contaminated by the Chernobyl incident
provides evidence that the program revitalizes
the immune system and improves the general
physical condition of the participant.57
Conclusions
group with fourth scale scores not improved in
other inpatient addiction programs. Removal
of chemical residues combined with the
restorative program components are
addressing behavioral measures not thought to
be attributed to physical parameters.
Table 1. MMPI
Asocial/Amoral
Personality(fourth scale)
Decreases in Drug Abusers
After Detoxification
The Hubbard sauna regimen has been
evaluated with respect to elimination of many
different types of persistent toxins and ability
to restore health. Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) – formerly used as an electrical
insulator but discontinued for reasons of
severe toxicity and environmental persistence
–and polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) – a
flame retardant still in broad use despite
known toxicity – were reduced between 16%
and 65.9% in study populations who had been
exposed 5 and 10 years before
detoxification.49,55 Studies of firefighters
exposed to burning transformers filled with
Several metabolic processes allow organisms
to accommodate low doses of foreign
compounds. While inherent detoxification
pathways result in elimination via the liver and
kidneys, and proteins that bind drugs
effectively remove them from circulation,
these systems do not eliminate certain types of
compounds efficiently and their retention in
fat is of utmost concern.
It is not currently known how long drugs and
their metabolites remain stored in fat.
However, current literature detected many
different drugs and their metabolites for up to
six weeks after cessation of drug use. Longer
times have not been evaluated but the
retention patterns indicate the possibility for
even longer storage.
Disposition and probable long-term storage of
drugs and other toxins has a high potential for
long-lasting metabolic alterations with a likely
role in drug reversion issues. Accumulation of
drugs and their metabolites in adipose is likely
to disrupt the endocrine functions of adipose
or may be slowly released resulting in a
myriad of adverse physical and psychological
effects.
The weight of evidence regarding
environmental toxins suggests that where
exposure has occurred the Hubbard sauna
regimen shows clear benefit to emotional and
physical health. The regimen can be safely
delivered as a component of drug
rehabilitation and its apparent ability to
remove drug metabolites from tissues may
have use in other exposures including police
officer line-of-duty exposure and other
second-hand exposure situations.
This data has important implications in health,
drug education and prevention, drug
rehabilitation, forensic, and legal areas. The
contribution of drugs and their metabolites to
total toxic burden and resulting adverse health
effects cannot be ignored.
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