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European Renaissance and Reformation
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
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 Europe is suffering from war and the plague.
 An explosion of creativity in art, writing and thought
called the Renaissance (Rebirth) will emerge.
 The Renaissance will spread from northern Italy to
the rest of Europe.
 The Renaissance encompasses the classical heritage
of Greece and Rome.
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

 The Crusades spurred overseas trade which led to
the growth of large city-states.
 The bubonic plague struck the city-states hard and
killed 60% of the population.
 Small population allowed for more citizens to be
involved in politics.
 Merchants dominated politics.
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
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 Florence had a republican form of government but
during the Renaissance came under the rule of the
Medici family (bankers).
 Cosimo de Medici won control of Florence’s
government and ruled as a dictator.
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
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 Renaissance scholars looked down on the art and
literature.
 Artists drew from the ruins of Rome.
 Western scholars studied ancient Latin manuscripts.
 Christian scholars in Constantinople fled to Rome
with Greek manuscripts.
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
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 Humanism is an intellectual movement that focused
on human potential and achievements.
 Humanists studied Christian teachings to
understand ancient Greek values.
 Humanists popularized the study of subjects
common to classical education – humanities.
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

 Humanists suggest that a person might enjoy life
without offending God.
 Most people were Catholic.
 Overall, society was secular or worldly – focused on
the here and now.
 Church leaders were becoming worldly.
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

 Church leaders spent larges amounts of money
on the arts – becoming patrons – financial
supporters.
 Renaissance Man – all educated men expected to
create art. They were to master every area of
study.
 Renaissance Woman – upper class women
should know the classics and be charming. Not
expected to seek fame. No influence in politics.
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the
Renaissance
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 Few women exercised power – Isabella d’Este did.
 Built a famous art collection
 Skilled in politics
 Won husbands release by defeating Mantua
 Greek and Roman subjects become popular.
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the
Renaissance
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 Perspective shows three dimensions on a flat surface.
 Painters begin to paint citizens.
 Michelangelo and Donatello make realistic art.
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the
Renaissance
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 Leonardo, Renaissance Man
 Painter, sculptor, inventor and scientist
 Studied muscle movement and how veins are
arranged on a leaf.
 Mona Lisa
 The Last Supper
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the
Renaissance

 Raphael Advances Realism
 Learned from Michelangelo and Leonardo
 Madonna and child
 School of Athens
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the
Renaissance

 Anguissola and Gentileschi
 Sofonisba Anguissola
 First woman artist to gain an international reputation.
 Portraits of sisters of prominent people.
 Artemisia Gentileschi
 another woman – painted strong heroic women
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

 Writers
 Dante wrote in the vernacular – native language –
instead of Latin. (Italian)
 Self expression or portrayal of the individuality of
their subjects.
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
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 Petrarch
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Early humanist
Father of Renaissance humanism
Poet
Italian/Latin – wrote sonnets – 14 line poems. Wrote
letters to friends.
 Boccaccio
 Decameron – series of realistic, off-color stories.
(tragic/comic).
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

Machiavelli
 Political guidebook – The Prince
 How a ruler gains power.
 Most people are selfish, fickle and corrupt.
 The Prince must stand strong – be tricky, have no
morals, political effectiveness more important.
 The Prince must mislead the people and lie to his
apponents.
 Overcome suspicions and gain the trust of others.
17.1
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
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 Vittoria Colonna
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Woman writer. Personal subjects, not politics.
Noble family
Exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo
Helped Castiglione publish The Courtier
17.2
The Northern Renaissance
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 Works of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael
show the Renaissance spirit.
◦ Classical culture
◦ Curiosity about the world
◦ Belief in human potential
17.2
The Northern Renaissance
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 Population had declined due to bubonic plague and
100 years war.
 After, there was a rapid city growth.
 Italy: City-states
 England and France: Monarchy
 Northern Renaissance developed as it spread out of
Italy: Realism. Based on Judeo-Christian values
17.2
The Northern Renaissance
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 Italian artists and writers left for Northern Europe.
 Northern Europe artists studied in Italy.
 Albrecht Durer (Realism)
◦ German painter - studied in Italy.
◦ Woodcuts and engravings
◦ Religious, classical myths and realistic landscapes.
 Hans Holbein
◦ Photographic like portraits
◦ King Henry VIII and members of the English royal family
17.2
The Northern Renaissance

 Flanders
◦ Artistic center of Northern Europe
 Jan van Eyck
◦ Oil-based paints to develop techniques used today.
(layers)
◦ Realistic detail and personality
 Pieter Bruegel the Elder
◦ Portrayed large numbers of people
◦ Everyday life
17.2
The Northern Renaissance

 Humanists
◦ Education for boys and girls
◦ Desiderius Erasmus (Holland) and Thomas More
(England)
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Erasmus – The Praise of Folly
 Poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome
scholars, and pompous priests
 Christianity of the heart – just study the Bible
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More – Utopia (no place)
 Imaginary land where greed, corruption, and war are weeded
out. Little use for money.
17.2
The Northern Renaissance
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 Christine de Pizan
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Highly educated
Writer
Wrote about men objecting to women being educated
The Book of The City of Ladies
Questioned different treatment of boys and girls
17.2
The Northern Renaissance

 Renaissance spread to England
◦ Elizabethan Age (after Queen Elizabeth I)
 William Shakespeare
◦ Playwright
◦ Revered the classics
◦ Plays examine human flaws and nature
17.2
The Northern Renaissance
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 Block printing transformed by movable type
◦ Impractical for the thousands of Chinese characters
◦ Practical for Europeans less letters in the alphabet
◦ Gutenberg
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Developed a printing process
Produced books quickly and cheaply
Printed the Bible
17.2
The Northern Renaissance
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 Legacy
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Artistic and social change
Break from medieval-period (church)
Democratic ideas
Movable-type
17.2
The Northern Renaissance
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 Arts
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Used classical Greece and Rome
Individuals portrayed realistically
Secular and religious combinations of work
Vernacular language used
Praised Individual achievement
17.2
The Northern Renaissance
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 Society
◦ Printing made information more available and
affordable
◦ More books available increased learning and literacy
◦ Published maps, charts to help with discoveries
◦ Published legal proceedings to help common people
understand the law
◦ Christian humanists’ wanted to change views through
writing
◦ People questioned politics and religion.
17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation
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 Roman Catholic Church
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Dominates religious life (N/W Europe).
Criticized
Worldly pursuits
Wealth and political power
17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation
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 Church weak
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Secular
Challenges to authority
Political
Germany
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No central authority
Resentment to taxes (paid to Rome)
Corrupt leaders
Popes patronize the arts, indulge in personal pleasures and
fight wars
17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation
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 Pope Alexander VI
 Fathered several children
 Pursued worldly pleasures
 No time for spiritual duties
 Lower Clergy
 Priests/Monks poorly educated (illiterate)
 Married
 Drank/Gambled
17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation

 John Wycliff (England) and Jan Hus (Bohemia)
 Advocates for church reform
 Denied Pope had the right to worldly power.
 Bible was ultimate authority
17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation

 Martin Luther
 Monk and teacher
 Taught scripture at University of Wittenberg
(Germany)
 Wanted to be a good Christian
 95 Theses written against Johann Tetzel (raising
money through indulgences).
 Indulgence – pardon (release from penalty-buy your
way into heaven)
17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation
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 95 Theses
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Formal statements attacking “pardon-merchants”
Posted on door of church
Invited scholars to debate
95 Theses copied and printed them.
Spread throughout Germany
Beginning of Reformation – religious reform.
Led to churches that did not accept Pope’s authority
17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation

 Luther’s teachings vs. Church
 People could win salvation by faith in God and
forgiveness…Faith and “good works” needed for
salvation
 Church teachings must be based on the Bible, Pope
and church are false authorities.
 You have faith? All are equal. Priests not needed to
interpret the Bible.
17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation

 Response to Luther
People wanted to challenge the church
Luther initially viewed as rebellious monk
Pope realized he was a serious threat
Luther called for people to drive the Pope out of the
church
 Charles V (Emperor) summoned Luther to Worms to
stand trial. Luther refused
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17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation

 Response to Luther (continued)
Charles issued an imperial order (Edict of Worms)
Luther declared an outlaw and heretic
Was to be denied food and shelter and books burned
Prince Frederick the Wise (Saxony) disobeyed and
sheltered Luther
 Luther translated the New Testament in to German
 Luther returns to Wittenberg and Lutheran following
is formed
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17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation

 Response to Luther (continued)
 Peasants demand and end to serfdom (feudal servant)
 Raided monasteries, pillaged and burned
 Luther turned on peasants and helped the prince
crush the revolt killing 100,000.
 Northern Princes began to support Lutheranism
 Shared his beliefs as well as selfish reasons
 Reason to seize church property
 Assert independence from Charles V
17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation

 Two forces emerged
 Those who remained loyal to the Pope
 New: Protestant (non-Catholic church)
 Charles V
 Went to war against the Protestant princes
 Charles won but the princes did not return to the
Catholic Church
 Gathering in Ausburg allowed each ruler to decide the
religion of his state (Peace of Ausburg)
17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation

 Henry VIII (King of England)
Devout Catholic-denounced Luther
“Defender of Faith”
Wanted male heir – had a daughter – not acceptable
Believed Catherine couldn’t have more children and
wanted a divorce to marry younger
 Divorce not allowed
 Pope asked to annul or set aside – denied
 Catherine’s nephew (Charles V) was popes concern
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17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation
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 Henry VIII (King of England) - continued
 Parliament called into session (Reformation
Parliament)
 Laws passed to strip pope of power in England
 Married Anne Boleyn and divorced Catherine
 Act of Supremacy approved – oath that recognized
divorce and Henry as the head of England’s church.
 Thomas More opposed and refused to take the oath
 Arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London
 Found guilty of high treason and executed
17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation
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 Henry VIII (King of England) - continued
 Anne Boleyn has a daughter and is convicted of
treason, imprisoned, found guilty and beheaded.
 Jane Seymour becomes his 3rd wife and birthed
Edward but she died 2 weeks later.
 Henry remarried 3 more times but had no further
children.
 After his death, all 3 of his children ruled England
17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation
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 Edward became king at 9 years of age
 Adult advisors (Protestant) helped guide his rule
 Sickly, ruled for 6 years
 Mary
 Catholic – returned rule to the pope
 Executed Protestants
 Elizabeth takes control
17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation
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 Elizabeth I
 Church of England (Anglican)
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Elizabeth head and the only legal church in England
Moderate Catholics and Protestants
Priests allowed to marry
Deliver sermons in English (not Latin)
Pagentry remained (attire)
Catholic traditions allowed
17.3
Luther Leads the Reformation
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 Elizabeth I (continued)
 Problems
 Money