Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Species Identification Guide-By site and plot Site: M=Middle Site 3500 m Plot: OTC warming by chambers Festuca ovina Linnaeus Anaphalis flavescens Handel-Mazzetti Fargesia Geranium pylzowianum Maximowicz Potentilla leuconota D. Don Carex Plot: C= Control Festuca ovina Linnaeus Potentilla leuconota D. Don Geranium pylzowianum Maximowicz Fargesia Anaphalis flavescens Handel-Mazzetti Pedicularis davidii Franchet Plot: O= Home Transplant Potentilla leuconota D. Don Carex Geranium pylzowianum Maximowicz Festuca ovina Linnaeus Plantago asiatica Linnaeus Artemisia flaccida Handel-Mazzetti Plot: 1= Move down Festuca ovina Linnaeus Potentilla leuconota D. Don Carex Geranium pylzowianum Maximowicz Pedicularis Plantago asiatica Linnaeus Plot: 2= Move Up Potentilla leuconota D. Don Carex Polygonum viviparum Linnaeus Fragaria orientalis Losinskaja Festuca ovina Linnaeus All species descriptions are from: Flora of China http://www.floraofchina.org/ 47. Festuca ovina Linnaeus 羊茅 yang mao Plant densely tufted; shoots intravaginal. Culms 10–60 cm tall; node 1. Leaf sheaths glabrous or basal leaf sheaths occasionally with trichomes; auricles present as erect swellings or absent; leaf blades filiform, conduplicate, (3–)8–25 cm × 0.3–0.6 mm, margins usually scabrid, veins 5(–7); adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands absent, abaxial sclerenchyma in a continuous ring; ligule (0.1–)0.2–0.5 mm, margin ciliate. Panicle contracted, narrow, 2–8 cm; branches (0.5–)1–2 cm, 1 at lowest node. Spikelets 4–6 mm, greenish, purplish or brown; florets 3–6; glumes glabrous or scabrid below apex; lower glume narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.8–2.8 mm; upper glume lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 2.8– 3.5 mm; rachilla internodes 0.8–1 mm; lemmas 3–4(–5) mm, punctiform or scabrid; awns 0.5–2 mm; palea keels scabrid. Anthers 1.5–2.2 mm. Ovary apex glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep. Alpine meadows, steppe, grassy places in forests; 1600–4400 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Jiangsu (cultivated), Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia (Caucasus), Europe, North America]. This is an extremely polymorphic species with a natural distribution throughout temperate and cold parts of the N hemisphere. It provides good forage on poor upland soils. Numerous variants have been recognized at infraspecific rank, often from different habitats and based on small differences in pubescence, size, proportion of vegetative and floral parts, and other characters. The name Festuca airoides Lamarck, a European segregate, has been applied to plants from the F. ovina complex in China. Festuca ovina and related species (nos. 43–47) can be distinguished from members of the F. rubracomplex as follows: plants densely tufted, without rhizomes; young leaf sheaths with free, overlapping margins; shoots intravaginal; leaf blades with only midrib or also two lateral ribs well defined; leaf sclerenchyma a continuous or broken subepidermal band, or 3 broad strands at midrib and margins. 49. Anaphalis flavescens Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1100. 1936. 淡黄香青 dan huang xiang qing Rhizome slightly slender; runners acerose, membranous squamate leafy, with terminal rosette leaves. Stems erect or ascending from geniculate base, 10-22 cm, slender, canescent arachnoid tomentose, rarely thickly white tomentose, lower leaves dense. Rosette leaves oblanceolate, 1.5-5 × 0.5-1 cm, lower part attenuate to a long petiole, apex acute or obtuse; basal leaves withered in efflorescence; lower and middle leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2.5-5 × 0.5-0.8 cm, erect or adherent to stem, base decurrent on stem into narrow wing, margin flat, apex acute, with withered long brown cusp; upper leaves small, narrowly lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm; all leaves canescent or yellowish white arachnoid tomentose or white tomentose, somewhat distinctly 3-veined. Capitula 6-16, densely corymbiform or compoundly so; peduncle 3-5 mm. Involucre broadly campanulate, 8-10 × ca. 10 mm; phyllaries 4- or 5-seriate, somewhat expanding; outer phyllaries fulvous, elliptic, ca. 6 mm, tomentose at base; middle ones white, lanceolate, ca. 10 × 3-4 mm, acute at apex; innermost ones linear, 6-8 mm, with a claw 1/3-1/2 of full length. Receptacle with fimbrillate hairs. Predominantly female capitula with numerous marginal female florets, center with 3-12 male florets; predominantly male capitula with 10-25 male florets. Corolla exceeding pappus; corolla tube 4.5-5.5 mm. Pappus incrassate at tip of apex in male florets, serrulate. Achenes oblong, 1.5-1.8 mm, densely papillose. Fl. Aug-Sep, fr. Sep-Oct. ● Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, W Sichuan, E and S Xizang. 14. Fargesia Franchet, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris. 2: 1067. 1893. 箭竹属 jian zhu shu Authors: De-Zhu Li, Zhenhua Guo & Chris Stapleton Borinda Stapleton; Sinarundinaria Nakai. Small (ca. 1 m) to subarborescent (to 15 m) bamboos. Rhizomes pachymorph, short relative to culm height, 10–30(–50) cm, with short neck. Culms unicaespitose, basally erect, apically nodding to pendulous; internodes terete, smooth or finely ridged; nodes with level or weakly prominent supra-nodal ridge, usually narrower than sheath scar. Buds ovoid to lanceolate, branch sheathing reduced. Branches initially 7–15 per node in mid-culm, above promontory, initially erect, becoming deflexed, subequal. Culm sheaths linear, rounded, or triangular; blade usually reflexed. Leaves small to medium-sized; blades glossy and thickened, or matte and delicate, transverse veins prominent. Inflorescence racemose to paniculate, compressed or open, ebracteate or branches subtended by a series of persistent, small, delicate sheaths, unilateral or not. Spikelets several flowered. Glumes (1 or)2, unequal; lemma apically obtuse or acute, mucronate to awned; palea equal to or shorter than lemma, 2-keeled, apex bifid; lodicules 3. Stamens 3; filaments free, slender; anthers yellow or purple. Style 1 or 2; stigmas 2 or 3, plumose. Caryopsis oblong to ovoid. New shoots May–Sep. About 90 species: China, E Himalayas, Vietnam; at least 78 species (77 endemic) in China. Fargesia was originally described for a single species from central China with dense, spathed, unilateral racemes and short rhizomes. Some authors have suggested that on this basis, it should be referred to the earlier, Himalayan genus Thamnocalamus, which also has rather dense, initially spathed inflorescences. However, bud and branch morphology and molecular evidence suggest that the genera are not so closely related. Many species in Fargesia lack dense, spathed, unilateral inflorescences. As their flowers have become known, several have been moved into a genus established specifically to accommodate such clump-forming species, Borinda. In order for all these species to be listed under the same genus, they are all temporarily maintained under Fargesia, as in FRPS (9(1), 1996). The relationships among Fargesia, Thamnocalamus, Yushania, and allies are under investigation (Guo and Li, Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 30: 1–12. 2004). Fargesia brevipes, F. cuspidata, F. ungulata, and F. vicina (species nos. 75– 78) could not be included in the following key because of lack of information on their culms and culm sheaths. Taxa incertae sedis Fargesia macrophylla Hsueh & C. M. Hui, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18: 258. 1998. 阔叶箭竹 kuo ye jian zhu Rhizome sympodial. Culms 2–3 m, 0.5–1 cm in diam.; internodes terete, 28–38 cm, initially thinly white powdery, glabrous, hollow; sheath scar prominent, glabrous. Branches very many per node, subequal. Culm sheaths persistent, shorter than internode, leathery, sometimes scattered setose, margins densely ciliate, longitudinal ribs only laterally conspicuous; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule truncate, 2–5 mm; blade reflexed, base narrower than mouth or sheath. Leaves 3–5 per ultimate branch; sheath glabrous; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule rounded or truncate, ca. 1 mm; blade 15–25 × 2–4 cm, proximally pilose, secondary veins 5–7-paired, transverse veins distinct. Inflorescence unknown. ● 1900–2000 m. Yunnan (Fugong). This taxon appears to key out with Fargesia pauciflora (species no. 54); the authors compared it with F. hsuehiana, which could be distinguished by, e.g., the initially setose culm internodes and nodes, culm sheath ligules only ca. 0.7 mm, and smaller leaves, 6–14 × 0.7–1.2 cm. Fargesia nujiangensis Hsueh & C. M. Hui, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18: 261. 1998. 怒江箭竹 nu jiang jian zhu Fargesia nujiangensis f. lanpingensis J. R. Hsueh & C. M. Hui; F. nujiangensis f. striata J. R. Hsueh & C. M. Hui. Rhizome sympodial. Culms 3–5 m, 1–3 cm in diam.; internodes terete, 23– 30 cm, prominently ridged, initially densely white powdery or waxy, filled with pith (hollow in f. lanpingensis); nodes glabrous. Branches 5 per node, equal. Culm sheaths soon or gradually deciduous, streaked with yellow in f. striata, shorter than internode, leathery, sparsely caducous-setose, margins distally ciliate, longitudinal ribs prominent, transverse veins not evident, apex truncate or sometimes retuse; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule 2– 5 mm; blade reflexed (erect in f. striata), base narrower than mouth or sheath. Leaves 2 or 3 per ultimate branch; sheath glabrous; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule ca. 1 mm; blade lanceolate, 5–10 × 0.5–0.6 cm, glabrous, secondary veins 2- or 3-paired, transverse veins obscure. Inflorescence unknown. ● 2500–2900 m. Yunnan (Gaoligong Shan). Fargesia nujiangensis was compared by its authors with F. hsuehiana, which differs most obviously by having initially setose culm internodes, 6–9 branches per culm node, and persistent culm sheaths. Fargesia stricta Hsueh & C. M. Hui, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18: 266. 1998. 马兹箭竹 ma zi jian zhu Culms 5–8 m, 2–3 cm in diam.; internodes terete, 30–37 cm, obscurely ridged, glabrous, hollow or filled with pith toward culm apex; wall about as thick as cavity; supra-nodal ridge prominent, remains of sheath base persistent. Branches 3–5(–8) per node, unequal. Culm sheaths soon deciduous, oblong, leathery, brown setose, setae densest proximally, longitudinal ribs prominent, margins not ciliate; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule 1–3 mm, shortly ciliate; blade reflexed, linear-lanceolate, narrower than mouth of sheath. Leaves 3 or 4(or 5) per ultimate branch; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule ca. 1 mm; blade lanceolate, 5–10 × 0.5–0.8 cm, secondary veins 2- or 3-paired, transverse veins obscure. Inflorescence unknown. ● 2200–2300 m. Yunnan (Lushui). The authors compared this species with what is now Himalayacalamus collaris. In addition, the following species have been described from China: Fargesia brevistipedis T. P. Yi (J. Bamboo Res. 19(1): 14. 2000) was described from sterile material from Sichuan (Tianquan). In the protologue it was compared with F. pauciflora. Fargesia incrassata T. P. Yi (J. Bamboo Res. 19(1): 16. 2000) was described from sterile material from Sichuan (Tianquan). In the protologue it was compared with F. fractiflexa (Drepanostachyum fractiflexum in this account). Fargesia ostrina T. P. Yi (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 22: 251. 2000) was described from Sichuan (Wanyuan). In the protologue it was compared with F. murielae. 24. Geranium pylzowianum Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. SaintPétersbourg. 26: 466. 1880. 甘青老鹳草 gan qing lao guan cao Geranium orientalitibeticum R. Knuth. Perennials. Rootstock tubercles subglobose, 3.7-6.9(-17.5) × 2.4-7 mm, with nontuberous separations 0.6-5.2 cm, 0.4-0.8 mm in diam., without thickened roots. Stem 8-29(-48) cm tall, erect, not rooting at nodes, with 0.2-0.5 mm retrorse to appressed nonglandular trichomes and usually 0.51.6 mm patent glandular trichomes. Stipules lanceolate to ovate, distinct. Leaves 1 alternate but opposite at inflorescence; petiole with 0.2-0.6 mm retrorse to appressed nonglandular trichomes and sometimes 0.5-1.2 mm patent glandular trichomes; leaf blade 1.5-5.1 cm, palmately cleft, ratio of main sinus/middle segment length = 0.77-0.95, pilose with appressed nonglandular trichomes; segments 5, rhombic to obtriangular, 1.2-4.3 mm wide at base, 3-8-lobed in distal half, ratio of second sinus/middle segment length = 0.26-0.46. Cymules solitary, 2-flowered; peduncle 4-10.3(-15.5) cm. Pedicel 2.7-5.9(-7) cm, with 0.2-0.6 mm retrorse to appressed nonglandular trichomes; bracteoles lanceolate. Sepals 7.1-10.9 mm, mucro 0.7-1.2 mm, ratio of mucro/sepal length = 0.08-0.15, outside with 0.5-1 mm antrorse to patent nonglandular trichomes, inside glabrous. Petals deep rose pink with a whitish base, 1.6-1.8 cm, erect to patent, outside glabrous, inside basally with trichomes, margin basally ciliate, apex rounded or rarely emarginate with a 0.2-0.3 mm notch. Staminal filaments distally pink but paler at base, lanceolate, abaxially pilose and proximal half ciliate, trichomes 0.3-0.9 mm; anthers whitish tinged with blue, 1.7-2.4 mm. Nectaries 5, hemispheric, glabrous. Stigma pink to orangish red. Fruit 2.3-2.9 cm, erect when immature; mericarps smooth, with a basal callus, with 0.3-1.1 mm erect to patent nonglandular trichomes; rostrum 1.6-2.2 cm, with a 1.6-4.5 mm narrowed apex; stigmatic remains 2.8-3.5 mm. Seeds 1.7-2.2 mm. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 28*. ● Coniferous forest margins, subalpine meadows, alpine meadows; 25005000 m. S Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, S Shaanxi, W Sichuan, E Xizang, N Yunnan. Geranium orientalitibeticum has been recognized by its broad leaf blade segments, petals with a paler base, and longer stigmatic remains. These features are included in the variability of G. pylzowianum. The latter has usually 1(or 2) alternate leaves along the stem and some opposite at the inflorescence. In some specimens, cauline leaves are all opposite, and then the inflorescence is branched from the basal node monochasially. Geranium donianum and G. farreri are quite similar in appearance but with rootstock without tubers and leaves always opposite. Additionally, in G. pylzowianum there are glandular trichomes on the stem base, stipule base, or inflorescence. The whole plant is used as a local medicine for pharyngitis and cough. 27. Potentilla leuconota D. Don 银叶委陵菜 yin ye wei ling cai Herbs perennial. Flowering stems 10–45 cm tall, together with petioles appressed or slightly spreading villous. Radical leaves 2.5–25 cm including petiole; auricles of stipules connate from base to middle, apex acute; leaf blade interrupted (rarely non-interrupted) pinnate with 6–18 pairs of leaflets; terminal leaflet ovate to elliptic, or oblong, 0.5–3 × 0.3–1.5 cm, abaxially densely appressed silvery or yellowish sericeous, or sparsely strigose, base decurrent in apical 2 or 3 pairs of leaflets, margin 4- to many serrate, teeth acute or acuminate; cauline leaves 1 or 2, resembling radical ones; auricles of stipules herbaceous, margin lacerate or parted. Inflorescence compactly pseudoumbellate, with leaflike involucre. Flowers 5– 8 mm in diam.; pedicel 1.5–2 cm, densely appressed white villous. Epicalyx segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, abaxially densely white villous. Petals yellow, obovate, apex rounded. Style lateral. Achenes not seen. Fl. and fr. May–Nov. Forests, meadows on mountain slopes, stream banks, cliffs; 2200--4600 m. Hubei, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim]. Saussurea globosa Chen in Bull 33. Carex Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 972. 1753. 薹草属 tai cao shu Authors:Authors: Lun-Kai Dai, Prof. Song-Yun Liang, Shuren Zhang, Yancheng Tang, Tetsuo Koyama & Gordon C. Tucker Carex esquirolii H. Léveillé & Vaniot, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53: 315. 1906. No specimens were seen by the present authors. The plant, a member of Carex subg. Vignea, cannot be confidently associated with any known species based on the description. The type is from Guizhou. Carex polycephala Boott var. simplex Kükenthal in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1268. 1936. No specimens were seen by the present authors. The type is from Yunnan. Herbs, perennial; rhizome usually stoloniferous. Culms tufted or sparse, lateral or central, erect, trigonous, bladeless sheathed at base. Leaves basal or basal and cauline, flat, rarely involute or revolute on margins, linear or lorate, rarely lanceolate, sheathed at base. Involucral bracts leaflike, rarely scale-shaped or setaceous, sheathed or not. Flowers unisexual, 1 male flower or 1 female flower in a unisexual spikelet, female spikelet included by prophyll, prophyll wholly connate at margins into utricle, sometimes reduced spikelet axis present in utricle, with scalelike bractlet at base. Spikes 1 to numerous, usually numerous spikes arranged in spicate, racemose, or paniculate inflorescence, composed of many unisexual or bisexual spikes, bisexual spike androgynous or gynaecandrous, usually plants monoecious, rarely dioecious, pedunculate or sessile, with or without sheathlike or utriculiform cladoprophyll at base; male flower with (2 or)3 stamens, filaments distinct; female flower with 1 pistil, style slightly slender, persistent or deciduous, base usually not thickened; stigmas 2 or 3. Utricles trigonous, plano-convex or biconvex, with slightly long or short beak. Nutlets rather tightly or loosely enveloped in utricle, trigonous or plano-convex. About 2,000 species: cosmopolitan; 527 species (260 endemic) in three subgenera and 69 sections (two endemic) in China. 228. Pedicularis davidii Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sér. 2. 10: 67. 1888. 大卫氏马先蒿 da wei shi ma xian hao Pedicularis davidii Credit: Harvard University Herbaria Herbs perennial, 15--30(--50) cm tall, densely pubescent, drying slightly black. Roots fleshy. Stems single or usually 3 or 4, erect, few branched basally, densely rust colored pubescent. Basal leaves usually withering early. Proximal stem leaves pseudo-opposite, distal ones alternate; proximal petioles to 5 cm; leaf blade ovate-oblong to lanceolate-oblong, 7(--13) X 2(-3.5) cm, abaxially whitish scurfy, adaxially glabrous or pubescent along veins, pinnatisect; segments 9--14 pairs, linear-oblong or ovate-oblong, pinnatifid, margin double dentate. Inflorescences racemose, 13(--19) cm, lax; bracts leaflike. Pedicel 1.5--3 mm, slender, densely pubescent. Calyx 5-6 mm, glabrescent, 1/2 cleft anteriorly; lobes 3 or 5, unequal, entire or dentate. Corolla purple or red, 1.2--1.6 cm; tube erect, ca. 2 X as long as calyx, sparsely pubescent externally; galea twisted; beak semicircular or slightly S-shaped apically, slender; lower lip 8--11 mm X 1.1--1.3 cm, ciliate. Filaments pubescent. Capsule ca. 1 cm X 4--5 mm. Fl. Jul--Aug, fr. Aug--Sep. * Grassy slopes and flats, thickets, woods, along streams, alpine meadows, roadsides; 1400--4400 m. SW Gansu, SW Shaanxi, Sichuan 4. Plantago asiatica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 113. 1753. 车前 che qian Herbs, perennial. Roots numerous, fibrous. Leaves basal; petiole 2-15(-27) cm, sparsely pubescent; leaf blade broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, 4-12 × 2.5-6.5 cm, thinly papery to papery, sparsely pubescent, veins 3-7, base broadly cuneate to subrounded and decurrent onto petiole, margin entire, repand, serrate, or dentate, apex obtuse to acute. Spikes narrowly cylindric, 3-40 cm, loosely to densely flowered, sometimes interrupted basally; peduncle 5-30 cm, white pubescent; bracts narrowly ovate-triangular to triangular-lanceolate, 2-3 mm, glabrous or pubescent at apex, keel thick. Sepals 2-4 mm, keel extending or not extending to apex, apex obtuse, rounded, or acute; lower sepals elliptic, keel broad; upper sepals broadly obovate-elliptic to broadly obovate. Corolla white, glabrous; lobes narrowly triangular, (0.7-)1-1.5 mm, patent to reflexed, apex acuminate to acute. Stamens adnate only to near base of corolla tube, exserted; anthers white, ovoid-ellipsoid, 1-1.2 mm. Pyxis fusiform-ovoid, ovoid, conic-ovoid, or narrowly conic-ovoid, 3-6(-8) mm, circumscissile near base, with 5-15 seeds. Seeds blackish brown, ovoid-ellipsoid to ellipsoid, 1.2-2 mm, angled, ventral face prominent to slightly flat; cotyledons parallel to ventral side. Fl. Apr-Aug, fr. Jun-Sep. Mountain slopes, ravines, riverbanks, fields, roadsides, wastelands, lawns; near sea level to 3800 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka]. Although Plantago asiatica and P. erosa (P. asiatica subsp. erosa) have sometimes been treated as synonyms of P. major (J. Parnell, Fl. Thailand 9(2): 153. 2008), molecular evidence does not support this (N. Rønsted et al., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 139: 323-338. 2002; N. Ishikawa et al., Amer. J. Bot. 96: 1627-1635. 2009). 133. Artemisia flaccida Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 278. 1938. 垂叶蒿 chui ye hao Herbs, perennial, 30-75 cm tall, puberulent or glabrescent. Lowermost and middle stem leaves shortly petiolate or ± sessile; leaf blade ovate, ovateelliptic, or elliptic, 3-4(-10) × 3-6 cm, abaxially densely gray pubescent, adaxially puberulent or glabrescent, 2- or 3-pinnatisect; segments 3-5 pairs, ovate-elliptic or oblong; lobules elliptic-lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linearoblanceolate, occasionally falcate-lanceolate, 2-15 × 1-4 mm, margin entire or serrate; rachis narrowly winged. Uppermost leaves and leaflike bracts 1or 2-pinnatisect, very reduced within racemes. Synflorescence a conical panicle, sometimes very lax; branches to 3 cm (to 6 cm in cultivation). Capitula rather few, somewhat clustered toward branch apex, mostly subsessile. Involucre broadly ovoid or nearly hemispheric, 2.5-3.5(-4) mm in diam. Marginal female florets 6-12. Disk florets 10-23, bisexual. Achenes oblong or ovoid-oblong. Fl. and fr. Aug-Nov. ● Grasslands, hills, roadsides, forest margins, forests; low elevations to 4100 m. W Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan. 57. Pedicularis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 607. 1753. 马先蒿属 ma xian hao shu Yang Han-bi; Noel H. Holmgren, Robert R. Mill Pedicularis lachnoglossa Credit: Harvard University Herbaria Herbs perennial or annual, rarely biennial, hemiparasitic. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, usually pinnatifid to 1- or 2-pinnatisect, rarely entire or dentate. Lower leaves usually long petiolate; upper leaves often ± sessile. Inflorescences terminal or flowers axillary; bracts usually leaflike. Calyx tubular to campanulate, often ± bilabiate, usually deeply cleft anteriorly, (2-)5-lobed. Corolla purple, red, yellow, or white, strongly bilabiate; upper lip (galea) hooded, enclosing anthers, laterally compressed, rounded or truncate, or terminating in teeth or in a beak; lower lip 3-lobed, usually spreading, external to upper lip in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments glabrous or pubescent; anthers mucronate or not. Stigma capitate. Capsule moderately compressed or not, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, reticulate or costate. About 600 species: best represented in the mountains of SW China and widespread in the frigid and alpine zones of the northern hemisphere; 352 species (271 endemic) occur in China. From the limited available data,the species of Pedicularis in China are pollinated by bumblebees gathering nectar and/or pollen on nectariferous non-beaked species, and pollen only,by scraping or vibrating,on beaked species including those with long corolla tubes (Macior, L. W. 1988. Plant Species Biol. 3: 61--66.; Macior, L. W. & S. K. Sood. 1991. Plant Species Biol. 6: 75--81.; Macior, L. W., pers. comm.). The rank of series has been traditionally used in Pedicularis since the time of Prain's work (Ann. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3: 1--196. 1890). Sections (and subgenera) have also been used (e.g., by Bunge in Walpers, Repert. Bot. Syst. 3: 409--433. 1844; Li, H. L. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 101: 1-214. 1949; Yamazaki, T. 1988. A revision of the genus Pedicularis in Nepal. in: Ohba, H. & Malla, S.B. (eds.), The Himalayan Plants 1: 91--161, and others). Because series names have been used widely (e.g., Tsoong, P. C., 1955, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 4: 103--147; Tsoong, P.C., 1963, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 68) but sectional names only in revisions covering limited areas (e.g., Yamazaki, T. 1988) and since not all species have been assigned to sections yet, the rank of series is used here. 41. Polygonum viviparum Linnaeus 珠芽拳参 zhu ya quan shen Herbs perennial. Rhizomes black-brown, contorted, large, 1-2 cm in diam. Stems usually 2 or 3 from rhizome, erect, 15-60 cm tall, simple. Basal leaves long petiolate; leaf blade linear, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, 3-10 × 0.2-3 cm, leathery, base rounded or cuneate, margin slightly involute, apex acute. Cauline leaves shortly petiolate or subsessile; leaf blade lanceolate smaller than basal ones; ocrea: lower part green, upper part brown, tubular, oblique, membranous, not ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, spicate, lower part with bulbils; bracts ovate, membranous. Perianth white or pinkish, 5-parted; tepals broadly elliptic, 2-3 mm. Stamens usually 8. Styles 3, connate at base. Achenes included in persistent perianth, dark brown, shiny, ovoid, trigonous, ca. 2 mm. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = ca. 12*. Forest margins, grassy slopes, alpine steppes; 1200-5100 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Sikkim, Tajikistan, Thailand; SW Asia, Europe, North America]. 2. Fragaria orientalis Losinskaja 东方草莓 dong fang cao mei Fragaria corymbosa Losinskaja; F. uniflora Losinskaja. Herbs perennial, 5–30 cm tall. Stems together with petioles spreading pilose, more densely so in upper parts, sometimes glabrescent. Leaf blade 3foliolate; leaflets subsessile, abaxially greenish, adaxially green, obovate or rhombic-ovate, 1–5 × 0.8–3.5 cm, abaxially pilose, more densely so on veins, adaxially sparsely pilose, base cuneate on central leaflet, oblique on lateral ones, margin incised serrate, apex rounded or acute. Inflorescence corymbiform, (1 or)2–5(or 6)-flowered, with a pale green or petiolate, leafletlike bract at base. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual, 1–1.5 cm in diam.; pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm, spreading pilose. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, apex caudate; epicalyx segments linear-lanceolate, occasionally 2-fid. Petals white, suborbicular, base tapering into a short claw. Stamens 18–22, subequal. Carpels numerous. Aggregate fruit ripening purple, hemispheric; persistent sepals spreading or slightly reflexed. Achenes ovoid, ca. 0.5 mm wide, prominently rugose or only so at base. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 28. Forests, meadows on mountain slopes; 600--4000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, E Russia].