Download Site M3500-Species Identification Guide

Species Identification Guide-By site and plot
Site: M=Middle Site 3500 m
Plot: OTC warming by chambers
Festuca ovina Linnaeus
Anaphalis flavescens Handel-Mazzetti
Fargesia
Geranium pylzowianum Maximowicz
Potentilla leuconota D. Don
Carex
Plot: C= Control
Festuca ovina Linnaeus
Potentilla leuconota D. Don
Geranium pylzowianum Maximowicz
Fargesia
Anaphalis flavescens Handel-Mazzetti
Pedicularis davidii Franchet
Plot: O= Home Transplant
Potentilla leuconota D. Don
Carex
Geranium pylzowianum Maximowicz
Festuca ovina Linnaeus
Plantago asiatica Linnaeus
Artemisia flaccida Handel-Mazzetti
Plot: 1= Move down
Festuca ovina Linnaeus
Potentilla leuconota D. Don
Carex
Geranium pylzowianum Maximowicz
Pedicularis
Plantago asiatica Linnaeus
Plot: 2= Move Up
Potentilla leuconota D. Don
Carex
Polygonum viviparum Linnaeus
Fragaria orientalis Losinskaja
Festuca ovina Linnaeus
All species descriptions are from: Flora of China
http://www.floraofchina.org/
47. Festuca ovina Linnaeus
羊茅 yang mao
Plant densely tufted; shoots intravaginal. Culms 10–60 cm tall; node
1. Leaf sheaths glabrous or basal leaf sheaths occasionally with trichomes;
auricles present as erect swellings or absent; leaf blades filiform,
conduplicate, (3–)8–25 cm × 0.3–0.6 mm, margins usually scabrid, veins
5(–7); adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands absent, abaxial
sclerenchyma in a continuous ring; ligule (0.1–)0.2–0.5 mm, margin ciliate.
Panicle contracted, narrow, 2–8 cm; branches (0.5–)1–2 cm, 1 at lowest
node. Spikelets 4–6 mm, greenish, purplish or brown; florets 3–6; glumes
glabrous or scabrid below apex; lower glume narrowly lanceolate to
lanceolate, 1.8–2.8 mm; upper glume lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 2.8–
3.5 mm; rachilla internodes 0.8–1 mm; lemmas 3–4(–5) mm, punctiform or
scabrid; awns 0.5–2 mm; palea keels scabrid. Anthers 1.5–2.2 mm. Ovary
apex glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep.
Alpine meadows, steppe, grassy places in forests; 1600–4400 m. Anhui,
Gansu, Guizhou, Jiangsu (cultivated), Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai,
Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan,
Korea, Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia (Caucasus), Europe, North America].
This is an extremely polymorphic species with a natural distribution
throughout temperate and cold parts of the N hemisphere. It provides good
forage on poor upland soils. Numerous variants have been recognized at
infraspecific rank, often from different habitats and based on small
differences in pubescence, size, proportion of vegetative and floral parts,
and other characters. The name Festuca airoides Lamarck, a European
segregate, has been applied to plants from the F. ovina complex in China.
Festuca ovina and related species (nos. 43–47) can be distinguished from
members of the F. rubracomplex as follows: plants densely tufted, without
rhizomes; young leaf sheaths with free, overlapping margins; shoots
intravaginal; leaf blades with only midrib or also two lateral ribs well
defined; leaf sclerenchyma a continuous or broken subepidermal band, or 3
broad strands at midrib and margins.
49. Anaphalis flavescens Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1100. 1936.
淡黄香青 dan huang xiang qing
Rhizome slightly slender; runners acerose, membranous squamate leafy,
with terminal rosette leaves. Stems erect or ascending from geniculate base,
10-22 cm, slender, canescent arachnoid tomentose, rarely thickly white
tomentose, lower leaves dense. Rosette leaves oblanceolate, 1.5-5 × 0.5-1
cm, lower part attenuate to a long petiole, apex acute or obtuse; basal
leaves withered in efflorescence; lower and middle leaves oblong-lanceolate
or lanceolate, 2.5-5 × 0.5-0.8 cm, erect or adherent to stem, base decurrent
on stem into narrow wing, margin flat, apex acute, with withered long brown
cusp; upper leaves small, narrowly lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm; all leaves
canescent or yellowish white arachnoid tomentose or white tomentose,
somewhat distinctly 3-veined. Capitula 6-16, densely corymbiform or
compoundly so; peduncle 3-5 mm. Involucre broadly campanulate, 8-10 ×
ca. 10 mm; phyllaries 4- or 5-seriate, somewhat expanding; outer phyllaries
fulvous, elliptic, ca. 6 mm, tomentose at base; middle ones white,
lanceolate, ca. 10 × 3-4 mm, acute at apex; innermost ones linear, 6-8 mm,
with a claw 1/3-1/2 of full length. Receptacle with fimbrillate hairs.
Predominantly female capitula with numerous marginal female florets, center
with 3-12 male florets; predominantly male capitula with 10-25 male florets.
Corolla exceeding pappus; corolla tube 4.5-5.5 mm. Pappus incrassate at tip
of apex in male florets, serrulate. Achenes oblong, 1.5-1.8 mm, densely
papillose. Fl. Aug-Sep, fr. Sep-Oct.
● Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, W Sichuan, E and S Xizang.
14. Fargesia Franchet, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris. 2: 1067. 1893.
箭竹属 jian zhu shu
Authors: De-Zhu Li, Zhenhua Guo & Chris Stapleton
Borinda Stapleton; Sinarundinaria Nakai.
Small (ca. 1 m) to subarborescent (to 15 m) bamboos. Rhizomes
pachymorph, short relative to culm height, 10–30(–50) cm, with short neck.
Culms unicaespitose, basally erect, apically nodding to pendulous;
internodes terete, smooth or finely ridged; nodes with level or weakly
prominent supra-nodal ridge, usually narrower than sheath scar. Buds ovoid
to lanceolate, branch sheathing reduced. Branches initially 7–15 per node in
mid-culm, above promontory, initially erect, becoming deflexed, subequal.
Culm sheaths linear, rounded, or triangular; blade usually reflexed. Leaves
small to medium-sized; blades glossy and thickened, or matte and delicate,
transverse veins prominent. Inflorescence racemose to paniculate,
compressed or open, ebracteate or branches subtended by a series of
persistent, small, delicate sheaths, unilateral or not. Spikelets several
flowered. Glumes (1 or)2, unequal; lemma apically obtuse or acute,
mucronate to awned; palea equal to or shorter than lemma, 2-keeled, apex
bifid; lodicules 3. Stamens 3; filaments free, slender; anthers yellow or
purple. Style 1 or 2; stigmas 2 or 3, plumose. Caryopsis oblong to ovoid.
New shoots May–Sep.
About 90 species: China, E Himalayas, Vietnam; at least 78 species (77
endemic) in China.
Fargesia was originally described for a single species from central China with
dense, spathed, unilateral racemes and short rhizomes. Some authors have
suggested that on this basis, it should be referred to the earlier, Himalayan
genus Thamnocalamus, which also has rather dense, initially spathed
inflorescences. However, bud and branch morphology and molecular
evidence suggest that the genera are not so closely related.
Many species in Fargesia lack dense, spathed, unilateral inflorescences. As
their flowers have become known, several have been moved into a genus
established specifically to accommodate such clump-forming species,
Borinda. In order for all these species to be listed under the same genus,
they are all temporarily maintained under Fargesia, as in FRPS (9(1), 1996).
The relationships among Fargesia, Thamnocalamus, Yushania, and allies are
under investigation (Guo and Li, Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 30: 1–12. 2004).
Fargesia brevipes, F. cuspidata, F. ungulata, and F. vicina (species nos. 75–
78) could not be included in the following key because of lack of information
on their culms and culm sheaths.
Taxa incertae sedis
Fargesia macrophylla Hsueh & C. M. Hui, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18: 258.
1998.
阔叶箭竹 kuo ye jian zhu
Rhizome sympodial. Culms 2–3 m, 0.5–1 cm in diam.; internodes terete,
28–38 cm, initially thinly white powdery, glabrous, hollow; sheath scar
prominent, glabrous. Branches very many per node, subequal. Culm sheaths
persistent, shorter than internode, leathery, sometimes scattered setose,
margins densely ciliate, longitudinal ribs only laterally conspicuous; auricles
and oral setae absent; ligule truncate, 2–5 mm; blade reflexed, base
narrower than mouth or sheath. Leaves 3–5 per ultimate branch; sheath
glabrous; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule rounded or truncate, ca. 1
mm; blade 15–25 × 2–4 cm, proximally pilose, secondary veins 5–7-paired,
transverse veins distinct. Inflorescence unknown.
● 1900–2000 m. Yunnan (Fugong).
This taxon appears to key out with Fargesia pauciflora (species no. 54); the
authors compared it with F. hsuehiana, which could be distinguished by,
e.g., the initially setose culm internodes and nodes, culm sheath ligules only
ca. 0.7 mm, and smaller leaves, 6–14 × 0.7–1.2 cm.
Fargesia nujiangensis Hsueh & C. M. Hui, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18: 261.
1998.
怒江箭竹 nu jiang jian zhu
Fargesia nujiangensis f. lanpingensis J. R. Hsueh & C. M. Hui; F. nujiangensis
f. striata J. R. Hsueh & C. M. Hui.
Rhizome sympodial. Culms 3–5 m, 1–3 cm in diam.; internodes terete, 23–
30 cm, prominently ridged, initially densely white powdery or waxy, filled
with pith (hollow in f. lanpingensis); nodes glabrous. Branches 5 per node,
equal. Culm sheaths soon or gradually deciduous, streaked with yellow in f.
striata, shorter than internode, leathery, sparsely caducous-setose, margins
distally ciliate, longitudinal ribs prominent, transverse veins not evident,
apex truncate or sometimes retuse; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule 2–
5 mm; blade reflexed (erect in f. striata), base narrower than mouth or
sheath. Leaves 2 or 3 per ultimate branch; sheath glabrous; auricles and
oral setae absent; ligule ca. 1 mm; blade lanceolate, 5–10 × 0.5–0.6 cm,
glabrous, secondary veins 2- or 3-paired, transverse veins obscure.
Inflorescence unknown.
● 2500–2900 m. Yunnan (Gaoligong Shan).
Fargesia nujiangensis was compared by its authors with F. hsuehiana, which
differs most obviously by having initially setose culm internodes, 6–9
branches per culm node, and persistent culm sheaths.
Fargesia stricta Hsueh & C. M. Hui, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18: 266. 1998.
马兹箭竹 ma zi jian zhu
Culms 5–8 m, 2–3 cm in diam.; internodes terete, 30–37 cm, obscurely
ridged, glabrous, hollow or filled with pith toward culm apex; wall about as
thick as cavity; supra-nodal ridge prominent, remains of sheath base
persistent. Branches 3–5(–8) per node, unequal. Culm sheaths soon
deciduous, oblong, leathery, brown setose, setae densest proximally,
longitudinal ribs prominent, margins not ciliate; auricles and oral setae
absent; ligule 1–3 mm, shortly ciliate; blade reflexed, linear-lanceolate,
narrower than mouth of sheath. Leaves 3 or 4(or 5) per ultimate branch;
auricles and oral setae absent; ligule ca. 1 mm; blade lanceolate, 5–10 ×
0.5–0.8 cm, secondary veins 2- or 3-paired, transverse veins obscure.
Inflorescence unknown.
● 2200–2300 m. Yunnan (Lushui).
The authors compared this species with what is now Himalayacalamus
collaris.
In addition, the following species have been described from China:
Fargesia brevistipedis T. P. Yi (J. Bamboo Res. 19(1): 14. 2000) was
described from sterile material from Sichuan (Tianquan). In the protologue it
was compared with F. pauciflora.
Fargesia incrassata T. P. Yi (J. Bamboo Res. 19(1): 16. 2000) was described
from sterile material from Sichuan (Tianquan). In the protologue it was
compared with F. fractiflexa (Drepanostachyum fractiflexum in this account).
Fargesia ostrina T. P. Yi (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 22: 251. 2000) was described
from Sichuan (Wanyuan). In the protologue it was compared with F.
murielae.
24. Geranium pylzowianum Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. SaintPétersbourg. 26: 466. 1880.
甘青老鹳草 gan qing lao guan cao
Geranium orientalitibeticum R. Knuth.
Perennials. Rootstock tubercles subglobose, 3.7-6.9(-17.5) × 2.4-7 mm,
with nontuberous separations 0.6-5.2 cm, 0.4-0.8 mm in diam., without
thickened roots. Stem 8-29(-48) cm tall, erect, not rooting at nodes, with
0.2-0.5 mm retrorse to appressed nonglandular trichomes and usually 0.51.6 mm patent glandular trichomes. Stipules lanceolate to ovate, distinct.
Leaves 1 alternate but opposite at inflorescence; petiole with 0.2-0.6 mm
retrorse to appressed nonglandular trichomes and sometimes 0.5-1.2 mm
patent glandular trichomes; leaf blade 1.5-5.1 cm, palmately cleft, ratio of
main sinus/middle segment length = 0.77-0.95, pilose with appressed
nonglandular trichomes; segments 5, rhombic to obtriangular, 1.2-4.3 mm
wide at base, 3-8-lobed in distal half, ratio of second sinus/middle segment
length = 0.26-0.46. Cymules solitary, 2-flowered; peduncle 4-10.3(-15.5)
cm. Pedicel 2.7-5.9(-7) cm, with 0.2-0.6 mm retrorse to appressed
nonglandular trichomes; bracteoles lanceolate. Sepals 7.1-10.9 mm, mucro
0.7-1.2 mm, ratio of mucro/sepal length = 0.08-0.15, outside with 0.5-1
mm antrorse to patent nonglandular trichomes, inside glabrous. Petals deep
rose pink with a whitish base, 1.6-1.8 cm, erect to patent, outside glabrous,
inside basally with trichomes, margin basally ciliate, apex rounded or rarely
emarginate with a 0.2-0.3 mm notch. Staminal filaments distally pink but
paler at base, lanceolate, abaxially pilose and proximal half ciliate, trichomes
0.3-0.9 mm; anthers whitish tinged with blue, 1.7-2.4 mm. Nectaries 5,
hemispheric, glabrous. Stigma pink to orangish red. Fruit 2.3-2.9 cm, erect
when immature; mericarps smooth, with a basal callus, with 0.3-1.1 mm
erect to patent nonglandular trichomes; rostrum 1.6-2.2 cm, with a 1.6-4.5
mm narrowed apex; stigmatic remains 2.8-3.5 mm. Seeds 1.7-2.2 mm. Fl.
Jul-Aug, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 28*.
● Coniferous forest margins, subalpine meadows, alpine meadows; 25005000 m. S Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, S Shaanxi, W Sichuan, E Xizang, N
Yunnan.
Geranium orientalitibeticum has been recognized by its broad leaf blade
segments, petals with a paler base, and longer stigmatic remains. These
features are included in the variability of G. pylzowianum. The latter has
usually 1(or 2) alternate leaves along the stem and some opposite at the
inflorescence. In some specimens, cauline leaves are all opposite, and then
the inflorescence is branched from the basal node monochasially. Geranium
donianum and G. farreri are quite similar in appearance but with rootstock
without tubers and leaves always opposite. Additionally, in G. pylzowianum
there are glandular trichomes on the stem base, stipule base, or
inflorescence.
The whole plant is used as a local medicine for pharyngitis and cough.
27. Potentilla leuconota D. Don
银叶委陵菜 yin ye wei ling cai
Herbs perennial. Flowering stems 10–45 cm tall, together with petioles
appressed or slightly spreading villous. Radical leaves 2.5–25 cm including
petiole; auricles of stipules connate from base to middle, apex acute; leaf
blade interrupted (rarely non-interrupted) pinnate with 6–18 pairs of
leaflets; terminal leaflet ovate to elliptic, or oblong, 0.5–3 × 0.3–1.5 cm,
abaxially densely appressed silvery or yellowish sericeous, or sparsely
strigose, base decurrent in apical 2 or 3 pairs of leaflets, margin 4- to many
serrate, teeth acute or acuminate; cauline leaves 1 or 2, resembling radical
ones; auricles of stipules herbaceous, margin lacerate or parted.
Inflorescence compactly pseudoumbellate, with leaflike involucre. Flowers 5–
8 mm in diam.; pedicel 1.5–2 cm, densely appressed white villous. Epicalyx
segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, abaxially densely white villous.
Petals yellow, obovate, apex rounded. Style lateral. Achenes not seen. Fl.
and fr. May–Nov.
Forests, meadows on mountain slopes, stream banks, cliffs; 2200--4600 m.
Hubei, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal,
Sikkim].
Saussurea globosa Chen in Bull
33. Carex Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 972. 1753.
薹草属 tai cao shu
Authors:Authors: Lun-Kai Dai, Prof. Song-Yun Liang, Shuren Zhang,
Yancheng Tang, Tetsuo Koyama & Gordon C. Tucker
Carex esquirolii H. Léveillé & Vaniot, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53: 315.
1906.
No specimens were seen by the present authors. The plant, a member of
Carex subg. Vignea, cannot be confidently associated with any known
species based on the description. The type is from Guizhou.
Carex polycephala Boott var. simplex Kükenthal in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb.
Sin. 7: 1268. 1936.
No specimens were seen by the present authors. The type is from Yunnan.
Herbs, perennial; rhizome usually stoloniferous. Culms tufted or sparse,
lateral or central, erect, trigonous, bladeless sheathed at base. Leaves basal
or basal and cauline, flat, rarely involute or revolute on margins, linear or
lorate, rarely lanceolate, sheathed at base. Involucral bracts leaflike, rarely
scale-shaped or setaceous, sheathed or not. Flowers unisexual, 1 male
flower or 1 female flower in a unisexual spikelet, female spikelet included by
prophyll, prophyll wholly connate at margins into utricle, sometimes reduced
spikelet axis present in utricle, with scalelike bractlet at base. Spikes 1 to
numerous, usually numerous spikes arranged in spicate, racemose, or
paniculate inflorescence, composed of many unisexual or bisexual spikes,
bisexual spike androgynous or gynaecandrous, usually plants monoecious,
rarely dioecious, pedunculate or sessile, with or without sheathlike or
utriculiform cladoprophyll at base; male flower with (2 or)3 stamens,
filaments distinct; female flower with 1 pistil, style slightly slender,
persistent or deciduous, base usually not thickened; stigmas 2 or 3. Utricles
trigonous, plano-convex or biconvex, with slightly long or short beak. Nutlets
rather tightly or loosely enveloped in utricle, trigonous or plano-convex.
About 2,000 species: cosmopolitan; 527 species (260 endemic) in three
subgenera and 69 sections (two endemic) in China.
228. Pedicularis davidii Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sér. 2. 10: 67.
1888.
大卫氏马先蒿 da wei shi ma xian hao
Pedicularis davidii
Credit: Harvard University Herbaria
Herbs perennial, 15--30(--50) cm tall, densely pubescent, drying slightly
black. Roots fleshy. Stems single or usually 3 or 4, erect, few branched
basally, densely rust colored pubescent. Basal leaves usually withering early.
Proximal stem leaves pseudo-opposite, distal ones alternate; proximal
petioles to 5 cm; leaf blade ovate-oblong to lanceolate-oblong, 7(--13) X 2(-3.5) cm, abaxially whitish scurfy, adaxially glabrous or pubescent along
veins, pinnatisect; segments 9--14 pairs, linear-oblong or ovate-oblong,
pinnatifid, margin double dentate. Inflorescences racemose, 13(--19) cm,
lax; bracts leaflike. Pedicel 1.5--3 mm, slender, densely pubescent. Calyx 5-6 mm, glabrescent, 1/2 cleft anteriorly; lobes 3 or 5, unequal, entire or
dentate. Corolla purple or red, 1.2--1.6 cm; tube erect, ca. 2 X as long as
calyx, sparsely pubescent externally; galea twisted; beak semicircular or
slightly S-shaped apically, slender; lower lip 8--11 mm X 1.1--1.3 cm,
ciliate. Filaments pubescent. Capsule ca. 1 cm X 4--5 mm. Fl. Jul--Aug, fr.
Aug--Sep.
* Grassy slopes and flats, thickets, woods, along streams, alpine meadows,
roadsides; 1400--4400 m. SW Gansu, SW Shaanxi, Sichuan
4. Plantago asiatica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 113. 1753.
车前 che qian
Herbs, perennial. Roots numerous, fibrous. Leaves basal; petiole 2-15(-27)
cm, sparsely pubescent; leaf blade broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, 4-12 ×
2.5-6.5 cm, thinly papery to papery, sparsely pubescent, veins 3-7, base
broadly cuneate to subrounded and decurrent onto petiole, margin entire,
repand, serrate, or dentate, apex obtuse to acute. Spikes narrowly cylindric,
3-40 cm, loosely to densely flowered, sometimes interrupted basally;
peduncle 5-30 cm, white pubescent; bracts narrowly ovate-triangular to
triangular-lanceolate, 2-3 mm, glabrous or pubescent at apex, keel thick.
Sepals 2-4 mm, keel extending or not extending to apex, apex obtuse,
rounded, or acute; lower sepals elliptic, keel broad; upper sepals broadly
obovate-elliptic to broadly obovate. Corolla white, glabrous; lobes narrowly
triangular, (0.7-)1-1.5 mm, patent to reflexed, apex acuminate to acute.
Stamens adnate only to near base of corolla tube, exserted; anthers white,
ovoid-ellipsoid, 1-1.2 mm. Pyxis fusiform-ovoid, ovoid, conic-ovoid, or
narrowly conic-ovoid, 3-6(-8) mm, circumscissile near base, with 5-15
seeds. Seeds blackish brown, ovoid-ellipsoid to ellipsoid, 1.2-2 mm, angled,
ventral face prominent to slightly flat; cotyledons parallel to ventral side. Fl.
Apr-Aug, fr. Jun-Sep.
Mountain slopes, ravines, riverbanks, fields, roadsides, wastelands, lawns;
near sea level to 3800 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong,
Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi,
Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan,
India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka].
Although Plantago asiatica and P. erosa (P. asiatica subsp. erosa) have
sometimes been treated as synonyms of P. major (J. Parnell, Fl. Thailand
9(2): 153. 2008), molecular evidence does not support this (N. Rønsted et
al., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 139: 323-338. 2002; N. Ishikawa et al., Amer. J. Bot.
96: 1627-1635. 2009).
133. Artemisia flaccida Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 278. 1938.
垂叶蒿 chui ye hao
Herbs, perennial, 30-75 cm tall, puberulent or glabrescent. Lowermost and
middle stem leaves shortly petiolate or ± sessile; leaf blade ovate, ovateelliptic, or elliptic, 3-4(-10) × 3-6 cm, abaxially densely gray pubescent,
adaxially puberulent or glabrescent, 2- or 3-pinnatisect; segments 3-5 pairs,
ovate-elliptic or oblong; lobules elliptic-lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linearoblanceolate, occasionally falcate-lanceolate, 2-15 × 1-4 mm, margin entire
or serrate; rachis narrowly winged. Uppermost leaves and leaflike bracts 1or 2-pinnatisect, very reduced within racemes. Synflorescence a conical
panicle, sometimes very lax; branches to 3 cm (to 6 cm in cultivation).
Capitula rather few, somewhat clustered toward branch apex, mostly
subsessile. Involucre broadly ovoid or nearly hemispheric, 2.5-3.5(-4) mm in
diam. Marginal female florets 6-12. Disk florets 10-23, bisexual. Achenes
oblong or ovoid-oblong. Fl. and fr. Aug-Nov.
● Grasslands, hills, roadsides, forest margins, forests; low elevations to 4100
m. W Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.
57. Pedicularis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 607. 1753.
马先蒿属 ma xian hao shu
Yang Han-bi; Noel H. Holmgren, Robert R. Mill
Pedicularis lachnoglossa
Credit: Harvard University Herbaria
Herbs perennial or annual, rarely biennial, hemiparasitic. Leaves alternate,
opposite, or whorled, usually pinnatifid to 1- or 2-pinnatisect, rarely entire or
dentate. Lower leaves usually long petiolate; upper leaves often ± sessile.
Inflorescences terminal or flowers axillary; bracts usually leaflike. Calyx
tubular to campanulate, often ± bilabiate, usually deeply cleft anteriorly, (2-)5-lobed. Corolla purple, red, yellow, or white, strongly bilabiate; upper lip
(galea) hooded, enclosing anthers, laterally compressed, rounded or
truncate, or terminating in teeth or in a beak; lower lip 3-lobed, usually
spreading, external to upper lip in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments
glabrous or pubescent; anthers mucronate or not. Stigma capitate. Capsule
moderately compressed or not, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, reticulate or
costate.
About 600 species: best represented in the mountains of SW China and
widespread in the frigid and alpine zones of the northern hemisphere; 352
species (271 endemic) occur in China.
From the limited available data,the species of Pedicularis in China are
pollinated by bumblebees gathering nectar and/or pollen on nectariferous
non-beaked species, and pollen only,by scraping or vibrating,on beaked
species including those with long corolla tubes (Macior, L. W. 1988. Plant
Species Biol. 3: 61--66.; Macior, L. W. & S. K. Sood. 1991. Plant Species
Biol. 6: 75--81.; Macior, L. W., pers. comm.).
The rank of series has been traditionally used in Pedicularis since the time of
Prain's work (Ann. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3: 1--196. 1890). Sections (and
subgenera) have also been used (e.g., by Bunge in Walpers, Repert. Bot.
Syst. 3: 409--433. 1844; Li, H. L. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 101: 1-214. 1949; Yamazaki, T. 1988. A revision of the genus Pedicularis in Nepal.
in: Ohba, H. & Malla, S.B. (eds.), The Himalayan Plants 1: 91--161, and
others). Because series names have been used widely (e.g., Tsoong, P. C.,
1955, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 4: 103--147; Tsoong, P.C., 1963, Fl. Reipubl.
Popularis Sin. 68) but sectional names only in revisions covering limited
areas (e.g., Yamazaki, T. 1988) and since not all species have been assigned
to sections yet, the rank of series is used here.
41. Polygonum viviparum Linnaeus
珠芽拳参 zhu ya quan shen
Herbs perennial. Rhizomes black-brown, contorted, large, 1-2 cm in
diam. Stems usually 2 or 3 from rhizome, erect, 15-60 cm tall, simple. Basal
leaves long petiolate; leaf blade linear, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, 3-10 ×
0.2-3 cm, leathery, base rounded or cuneate, margin slightly involute, apex
acute. Cauline leaves shortly petiolate or subsessile; leaf blade lanceolate
smaller than basal ones; ocrea: lower part green, upper part brown, tubular,
oblique, membranous, not ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, spicate, lower part
with bulbils; bracts ovate, membranous. Perianth white or pinkish, 5-parted;
tepals broadly elliptic, 2-3 mm. Stamens usually 8. Styles 3, connate at
base. Achenes included in persistent perianth, dark brown, shiny, ovoid,
trigonous, ca. 2 mm. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = ca. 12*.
Forest margins, grassy slopes, alpine steppes; 1200-5100 m. Gansu,
Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol,
Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan
[Bhutan, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Myanmar,
Nepal, Russia, Sikkim, Tajikistan, Thailand; SW Asia, Europe, North
America].
2. Fragaria orientalis Losinskaja
东方草莓 dong fang cao mei
Fragaria corymbosa Losinskaja; F. uniflora Losinskaja.
Herbs perennial, 5–30 cm tall. Stems together with petioles spreading
pilose, more densely so in upper parts, sometimes glabrescent. Leaf blade 3foliolate; leaflets subsessile, abaxially greenish, adaxially green, obovate or
rhombic-ovate, 1–5 × 0.8–3.5 cm, abaxially pilose, more densely so on
veins, adaxially sparsely pilose, base cuneate on central leaflet, oblique on
lateral ones, margin incised serrate, apex rounded or acute. Inflorescence
corymbiform, (1 or)2–5(or 6)-flowered, with a pale green or petiolate,
leafletlike bract at base. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual, 1–1.5 cm in
diam.; pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm, spreading pilose. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, apex
caudate; epicalyx segments linear-lanceolate, occasionally 2-fid. Petals
white, suborbicular, base tapering into a short claw. Stamens 18–22,
subequal. Carpels numerous. Aggregate fruit ripening purple, hemispheric;
persistent sepals spreading or slightly reflexed. Achenes ovoid, ca. 0.5 mm
wide, prominently rugose or only so at base. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n =
28.
Forests, meadows on mountain slopes; 600--4000 m. Gansu, Hebei,
Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Korea,
Mongolia, E Russia].