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Early Civilizations in Africa Ancient Egypt Chapter 3 Why were canals important to the Egyptians? Canals were built along with dikes and dams to control the floodwaters of the Nile. Describe the importance of the Nile Delta? Where is it located? The silt at the mouth of a river forms a lowland creating a fertile farm land. The delta is located at the north end of the Nile where it flows into the Mediterranean. How did Egyptians relate nature and religion? People of Egypt used stories about gods to explain naturally occurring events. Who was Hatshepsut? The only female Egyptian pharaoh and was well known for the trade with the land of Punt. What are Hieroglyphics? The symbols used to record government records in Egypt. It was decoded by the Rosetta Stone which opened the secrets of Ancient Egypt. What is Papyrus and why was it important to the Egyptians? A paper-like material, was a great invention of the Egyptian people. The word paper comes from papyrus. The invention helped make the Egyptian’s central government possible. Papyrus kept important written records for their society. What was the purpose of the Pyramid? The burial place. A tomb for Ancient Egyptian rulers. during the Old Kingdom Egyptians developed the technology to construct the biggest stone buildings in the world Who was the Pharaoh? Where did he get his power? A king like figure who controlled all of the land and all of the people in Egypt During the Old and Middle Kingdom they believed the pharaohs were part gods. What effect did Silt have on life along the Nile in Ancient Egypt? Egyptian farmland was made rich every year by the floodwaters of the Nile. Which allowed for a surplus of goods Provided for the division of labor Enabled Egypt to trade with other countries What is a Nation-state? What happened to create the first nation-state? A region with a single government and a united group of people. When Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt united it created the first nationstate. Who is Amon-Re? The most powerful Egyptian god. Describe Inundation To overwhelm, too much too much water happened at the same time each year The time of the annual flood of the Nile Identify the Seasons of Egyptian Calendar Inundation time of flood Emergence time of planting Harvest time of reward & rest Each divided the calendar into 3 seasons of 4 months each The end of Egypt’s dynasties ended when and by whom? 30 B.C. Romans conquered Egypt Roman rule was established in Egypt after Octavian (Augustus) displaced the last ruler the famous Cleopatra VII Egypt’s Social Pyramid Social Class Ruling Class People found in it Pharaohs Upper Class landowners Nobles and Priests Middle Class providers of goods & services Lower Class provided food & semi-skilled labor Slaves Craft workers, merchants, and scribes Farmers and paid labor People enslaved or prisoners of war 3 Achievements of the Old Kingdom Lasted from about 2625 BC to 210 BC During the 500 years Dynasties 4 – 8 began to look outside of Egypt for resources Best known for its achievements in buildings, such as the pyramids Traders went farther south into Africa in search of incense, oils, ebony, ivory, Started a colony in Lower Nubia to get resources there Developed technology to constructs pyramids Built the Great Pyramid 3 achievements of the Middle Kingdom Conquered all of the Egyptian nation Nubia Expanded Egyptian trade to SW Asia Change in Egyptian society -- rights that had once been for pharaohs alone were now for all Egyptians 3 Achievements of the New Kingdom Egypt’s first full time army began Egypt’s empire grew to be the largest size Worship focused on one god “Aton”