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How did Islam alter the
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Rise of Islam
 7th century: Muhammad received revelations in
Arabic –gathered together into a book Quran (Koran)became the basis of a new religion that we know as
Islam
 The Muslim community quickly expanded, uniting
many tribes of Arabia
 These tribes, united by the faith of Islam, swept out of
Arabia to conquer the Persian and Byzantine empires
Islam
The advance of Islam
 Within a century, the new empire stretched from
southern Spain to northern India, and from the
Caucasus to the Indian Ocean.
 The empire was ruled by Khalifa (caliphs). The first
four were known by the Rightly Guided Khalifas.
They were:
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Abu Bakr
Omar
Uthman, and
Ali
 Then the Umayya Dynasty
 Then the Abbasi Dynasty
Islamic civilization
 A synthesis of the religion and culture of Arabia with
the great imperial traditions of the eastern
Mediterranean and the Persian empire.
 This synthesis molded the politics, science, literature,
and arts of the people who adopted Islam
 As a dominant culture of the region, it had a shaping
influence on the Armenians and the Jews
The history of Islam
 Islamic faith was linked to the expansion of Islamic
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rule
Muslim rulers were tolerant of those religions who
faith was based on revelation, such as Judaism and
Christianity, but forbade them to increase their
numbers by conversion
The history of Islam is turbulent and violent:
Umayya were overthrown
Abassi founded Baghdad, Islam’s imperial city
Baghdad
Baghdad
Baghdad
History of Islam
 Religious factionalism threatened the
caliphate
 The Muslim community divided between
those who believed that the caliphate should
remain in the prophet’s bloodlines (Shi'i) and
those who insisted only that it remain within
his clan, the Quraish (Sunni)
History of Islam
 1210-1220- the Islamic empire was shattered
 The Mongol Chinghis Khan’s armies, which had
already subjugated all of China, swept through
Central Asia, and Iraq, leveling cities.
 1260- Mamluk rulers of Egypt defeated the Mongols
in Palestine and ended the myth of their invincibility
 Baghdad lost its eminence as the chief city of Islam
History of Islam
 The Mongol dynasties that succeeded to rule in the
Islamic world converted to Islam, and accommodated
themselves to Islamic norms of rule
 1336-1405-Tamerlane, who claimed descent from the
khans, led his armies from Samarkand into Iran,
Turkey and Russia
 The Timurids were the last powerful dynasty to
originate in the steppes
Islam in the 15th century
Detail of intricate tile work on mosque
dome, Yazd, Iran.
History of Islam
 The world of Islam came to be divided
between the Ottomans in the west, the Safawi
in Iran, and the Moghuls in India
 The Ottomans launched the last great
conquest, begun in the 14th c., when they
expanded across the Bosphorus into the
Balkans, threatening Vienna in 1683
Islamic literature
 Islam established Arabic as the dominant language of
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religion, trade, and learning throughout the empire
9th century: Center of translation in Baghdad
Greek science and philosophy, Indian mathematics,
Chinese medicine, and Persian literature were all
translated into Arabic
Arabic had become the lingua franca of all the
communities of Islam
Islam had become a cosmopolitan, international
culture
Prose vs. poetry
 Prose, which had next to no role in pre-Islamic
literature of Arabia, came to enjoy exceptional
currency because it was a better vehicle than poetry
both for religious learning and for the new secular,
humanistic learning that was flooding Islam from all
sides
 Though poetry enjoyed precedence over prose in the
classical period, as it continued to do until the present
day, prose was the accepted vehicle for narrative
What are the characteristics of Islamic
literature?
 Quranic intolerance of fiction, which it categorized as
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‘lying’
Prose narratives were strongly didactic or informative
–moralistic beast fables
The Thousand and One Nights –popular
entertainment –not welcomed into the canon
Imaginative literature was excluded from religion
10th c. with the rise of mysticism poetry became a
vehicle for spirituality in Islam
The languages of Islam
 Islamic literature began in Arabic
 9th century: Islamic poetry and prose began to be
written in Persian as well
 Persian poets drew on the pre-Islamic Iranian stories
from its national epic tradition to create an extremely
rich literature – sufi mysticism
 The origins of Islamic literature in Turkish can be
traced to the 11th c.
 14th c Islamic poetry in the regional languages of
India – Kashmiri, Punjabi etc.
Islam
 The Islamic cultural tradition made no effort to
accept the pre-Islamic cultural traditions as its
own (Greece, Mesopotamia, Palestine)
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