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http://www.chaparralpoets.org/devices.pdf POETIC DEVICES “Poetry is the kind of thing poets write.” – Robert Frost A poet is limited in the materials used to create the work: all he/she has are words to express his/her ideas. Words must sound right to the listener as they delight. Words must have an unanticipated meaning that seems to be the perfectly right one. Words must be arranged in a relationship and placed on the page in ways that are easy to follow and assist the reader in understanding. Words must probe the depths of human thought, emotion, and empathy while appearing simple, self-contained, and unpretentious. Fortunately, the English language contains many words to choose from for multiple purposes, including poetic devices, which are word and sound arrangements, to assist the writer in conveying their intended message. Even though most poetry today is read silently, it must still carry with it the feeling of being spoken aloud, and the reader should practice “hearing” it in order to catch all of the artfulness with which the poet has created the work. THE SOUNDS OF WORDS Alliteration: repeated consonant sounds at the beginning of words placed near each other, usually on the same or adjacent lines. Example: fast and furious Example: _____________________________________________________ Assonance: repeated vowel sounds in words placed near each other, usually on the same or adjacent lines. These sounds should be accented, or stressed. Example: He’s a bruisin’ loser Example: _____________________________________________________ Consonance: repeated consonant sounds at the end of words placed near each other, usually on the same or adjacent lines. These sounds should be accented, or stressed. Example: cool soul Example: _____________________________________________________ Onomatopoeia: words that sounds like their meaning. Example: boom, tick, buzz, crackle, hiss, pop, snap, swish, sizzle, bang Example: _______________________________________________________ Repetition: the purposeful re-use of words and phrases for effect. http://www.chaparralpoets.org/devices.pdf Example: Half a league, half a league, half a league onward… Example: _______________________________________________________ Rhyme: words with different beginning sounds, but endings that sound alike. Double rhymes are the last two syllables, and triple rhymes include the last three syllables. Example: time, slime, mime revival, survival greenery, machinery, scenery Example:________________________________________________________ Rhythm: patterns of verbal stresses in a line of poetry. Sometimes referred to as meter. Pattern -/ Name Iamb/iambic Example invite /- Trochee/trochaic deadline --/ /-- Anapest/Anapestic Dactyl/Dactylic to the beach frequently // Spondee/Spondaic true blue Example: _______________________________________________________ THE MEANING OF WORDS: Most words contain several meanings at the same time. It is the poet’s job to find words which, when used in relation to other words in the poem, carry the precise intention of thought. The ways in which the meanings of words are used can be identified: Allusion: a brief reference to some person, historical event, work of art, Biblical or mythological situation or character. Example: He fell from grace like Icarus from the sky. Example: _______________________________________________________ Analogy: a comparison, usually something familiar to something unfamiliar. Example: The plumbing took a maze of turns where even the water got lost. Example: _______________________________________________________ Cliché: a figure of speech that was once clever and original but through overuse has become outdated. Example: busy as a bee Example: _______________________________________________________ Connotation: the emotional, psychological or social overtones of a word; implications and associations apart from its literal meaning. Example: She hesitated for a minute, looking around defiantly, and then set her lips and went up to the box. (Shirley Jackon’s The Lottery) Example: _______________________________________________________ http://www.chaparralpoets.org/devices.pdf Denotation: the dictionary definition of a word. Example: The refugee thanked the border patrol guard profusely for stamping his visa. Example: _______________________________________________________ Hyperbole: an outrageous exaggeration used for effect. Example: He weighs a ton. Example:________________________________________________________ Irony: a contradictory statement or situation to reveal a reality different from what appears to be true. Example: The characters in Twelfth Night believe “Cesario” is a eunuch, but the audience knows he’s really “Viola”. Example: _______________________________________________________ Metaphor: a direct comparison between two unlike things, stating one is the other or does the action of the other. Example: Her fingers danced across the keyboard. Example: _______________________________________________________ Oxymoron: a combination of two words that appear to contradict each other. Example: bittersweet; liquid gas Example: _______________________________________________________ Paradox: a statement where a seeming contradiction may reveal an unexpected truth. Example: The hurrier I go the behinder I get. Example:________________________________________________________ Personification: attributing human characteristics to an inanimate object, animal, or idea. Example: Some of the ears on the floor caught this scrap of voice. Example: _______________________________________________________ Simile: a direct comparison of two unlike things using “like” or “as. Example: He’s as dumb as an ox. Example: _______________________________________________________ Symbol: an ordinary object, event, animal or person which has been attached an extraordinary meaning and significance. Example: During the Vietnam War, the American flag meant pride for some, slaughter for others. Example: _______________________________________________________