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Ms. Gulitti English Study of Poetry: Figures of Speech In an inclusive sense, a figure of speech is an intentional use or arrangement of words to produce a specific, expressive, and striking effect by departing from ordinary, usual language. Consider the effects of each term listed below. 1.alliteration: the repetition of beginning consonant sounds in words (ex: big, black bear) 2. apostrophe: speaking to something that cannot answer (ex: O Death, hear me cry and spare me from this pain) 3. connotation: the associations (emotional and/or symbolic) of a word (ex: heart may connote ideas such as love, giving, the color red, and Valentine’s Day) 4.contractions: shortening of words by leaving out letters for poetic or other effect (ex: o’er = over; ‘tis = it is) 5. denotation: the literal or dictionary definition of a word (ex: heart denotes the organ that pumps blood throughout the body.) 6. hyperbole: overstatement and exaggeration (ex: I died laughing) 7. metaphor: implied comparison between things basically not alike as if they are equal, not similar (ex: her eyes are shining stars) 8. personification: giving human characteristics to nonhuman things (ex: fear grabbed her tightly; death peered over my shoulder) 9. oxymoron: two contrasting terms that are placed next to each other to provide a strong exaggerated effect (ex: bittersweet; fiery ice) 10. repetition: the repetition of sounds, rhyme, words or phrases to convey a point 11. rhyme: using words that have similar vowel and consonant sounds (ex: round, sound) 12. simile: comparison between things basically not alike by using the words like or as to reveal similarity (ex: her lips were soft as rose petals) 13. synecdoche: using a part of something to represent the whole (ex: “I don’t have a penny” means “ I don’t have any money.”) 14. pun: usually, the humorous use of a word or phrase that sounds alike though often spelled differently to suggest two or more meanings at the same time. (ex: remember the old, “I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream” ?) 15. onomatopoeia: words that sound like what they represent. (ex: Pow! Burp; buzz) Other Poetic Terms: 16. couplet: two consecutive, rhymed lines of poetry written in iambic pentameter. 17. iambic pentameter: a type of poetic meter whereby each line contains ten syllables, and the stress is placed on the second beat. 18. foot: the smallest unit of poetic measurement; lines are divided into metrical groups (feet) with one to three syllables in each one. 19. meter: the rhythm created in poetry by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines. 20. quatrain: a poem or stanza containing four lines. 21. stanza: a group of lines in poetry, usually with a common form and spaced apart from each other. 22. Shakespearean sonnet: a lyrical poem expressing one idea, containing fourteen lines of iambic pentameter and a set rhyme scheme. Shakespeare divides the 14 lines into 3 quatrains (12 lines) that conclude in a final couplet (2 lines) 23. blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter (Shakespeares’ tragedies are written in this form)