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Communication Applications Chapter 4 Discovering the Power of Oral Language The Nature of Oral Language Defining Oral Language – language that is ______________ and ______________ rather than written and read. Language has ___________ Language is like a __________ Each language system has its own set of agreed-upon conventions and rules that __________________ the system and make it ________________ from other languages. English, Spanish, Russian, French, etc… Speech choices _________________ appropriate for the specific situation or context. Writing should be ________________ according to rules for the specific form. Characteristics of Oral Language Figure 4-1 page 102 Meaning – We communicate with others based on the meanings we ______________ to things around us and the ______________________ we use to communicate those meanings. This is a ___________________ behavior. Vocabulary – all the _________________________ that make up a particular code or language. Symbolic – always open to ___________________________ Appropriateness – know how to communicate in different ________________ and situations Don’t be ___________________ – know and use a ________________ vocabulary Structure – the way the different parts of a language are _________________________. Example – Prefixes & ____________________, also words can have different meaning depending on the ______________________ of use. He fixed it. Grammar – the basic ____________________ and rules that regulate the use of a language. Example – In Spanish, nouns come before ________________. In English, nouns come after adjectives. Sound – the observable ___________________________ of oral language. The way you sound ____________________________ the messages you send. People are often ________________________________________ by the way they talk. Characteristics of Speech Sound Diction – the degree of ________________ and distinctness in a person’s speech. Pg 107-109 Pronunciation – the standard set for the overall _______________________________. Articulation – the act of _____________ and distinctly uttering the consonant sounds of a _____________. Omission – omitting or leaving out a __________________ in a word. Addition – adding ____________________ consonant sounds to a word. Substitution – subbing one ________________ for another. Slurring – when consonant sounds ___________________________. Enunciation – the act of clearly and distinctly uttering the ________________ sounds of a word. Dialect – either a language that exists only in ________________ form, or a unique combination of speech sounds that identify speech with a particular _______________ of people. Regional – the sound of a particular ___________________. Ethnic and Cultural – using the characteristics of one language when ___________________ another language. Examples –1. During WWII, the _______________ language was only in oral form. 2. The “southern drawl”. 3. Newscasters and actors can change how they pronounce words. Putting Language Into Perspective Personal Implications of Oral Language Projecting Image – Improve your _________________________ and speech if you want to be taken seriously. Conveying Attitudes – Do you talk _______________________ or negatively? Determining Success – Many employers value ______________________________ more than any other communication skills in their employees. Cultural Implications of Oral Language Grimm’s Law –Jakob & Wilhelm Grimm studied the uses of _______________ language while compiling the well-known Grimm’s Fairy Tales. Developing Skills for Power Language Characteristics of Power Language Clarity – easy to __________________________ Courtesy and Tact – _____________________ communication Ownership of Thoughts and Feelings – speaker takes ____________________ Inclusion of Others – including _______________________ in comm. Vividness and Imagery – help visualize _________________ ideas Appropriate Usage – takes _________________ into consideration Understanding Levels of Usage Formal – there are strict standards _____________________________ its use. Technical – language associated with a particular profession, activity, or field of study. aka - ______________________ Standard – language used by the _________________________ of knowledgeable communication within a specific language. aka – _____________________ speech Informal – type of language most often used in ____________________ situations and close _________________________________ relationships. Colloquialisms – a term associated with a specific __________________ culture. “till the cows come home” Slang – _________________________ language because it typically is used for only a brief period of time by a _________________ group of people. Ungrammatical – language that does not use ___________________ standards of grammar or mechanics Choose Your Speaking Style by using your ___________ and __________________________. Functions of Oral Language Expressing and Responding to Feelings – keeping your _________________l and emphasizing with others will help you gain people’s ____________ and ________________. Giving and Seeking Information – asking ___________________ and providing answers Controlling and Persuading Participating in Social Rituals – a communication ___________________________ that is frequently repeated in daily __________________________ interaction. Creating and Imaging – learn ___________________ words Language to Avoid Denotation – a word’s _________________ description or meaning ---house Connotation – the _______________________ or feelings with which it is associated --home Avoid Troublesome Language – see pg 125 Avoid Powerless Language Fillers – a word or phrase used to _____________________ hesitancy in speech, like “um”, “like”, “__________________” Tags – a statement or question added to the _________________ of a statement to __________________ approval Vague Wording – not _________________ in your communication