Download 1 - JustAnswer

1.
Marketing is a process that involves the combined use of elements referred to as the
“marketing mix”. The marketing mix consists of four components: product, place, price, and
promotion (Pue, 2002). Marketing must begin with the product because the purpose, use, and
allure of the product to the consumer, and the consumer who would want this type of product,
must become the focus around which the remaining items of the marketing mix are determined.
The product, of course, is the item, company, idea, or service that will be marketed. The product
tells the marketer the problems consumers who want that product need to solve and which of
consumers’ needs the product meets. This information helps the marketer identify the target
market for the product (Fetherstonhaugh, 2008). One marketing view is that product includes
thoughts regarding “the full experience” of using the product which, in turn, includes ideas about
how people shop for the product, who makes the buying decision, and how people use the
product once they buy it (Fetherstonhaugh, 2008).
Place, meaning “the different ways of getting products or services to customers” revolves
around the consumer because a marketer cannot select the proper place for a product to be sold
without understanding where the consumer will be and how the consumer will want to acquire
this particular product. Place also involves decisions about where to store the product, how to
transport it, and whether to sell it directly or through resellers or through other methods such as
where to sell them, how to store them, how to transport them, and whether to sell them directly
or through wholesalers or resellers (Bartle, 2007). All of these questions, of course, can only be
answered by considering how the target market acts. Price, of course, is how much to charge for
a product (Bartle, 2007). Only by looking at the target market, how consumers in that target view
a price, how much they earn, how much they normally spend for a type of product, etc., can a
marketer know how much to charge for a product. Lastly, there is promotion, the means used to
tell consumers about the product and attract them to the product (Bartle, 2007). Only be
considering what this target market likes to hear, what they are interested in, and what
promotions they are most likely to react positively to can a marketer fulfill his or her job.
References
2.
The two approaches used to forecast market potential and sales are (1) extending past
behavior and (2) predicting future behavior. The first approach is similar to that used in
determining business growth. A marketing professional considers that past experience of an
existing or similar product and then uses its actual results to predict how the current product or
service will perform. It is often said that past experience is the best predictor of future
experience. Often this is true, but if there are any changes in society or individuals lives or
desires, then this may not appropriately predict future behavior given those changes. Therefore,
“projections [may] make assumptions based on past behavior, ... [but] future behavior may or
may not follow the same patterns” (Wellner, 2003). This method relies on the use of facts and
figures from the past and puts them through mathematical models to predict what will occur.
This method, therefore, may be best suited for products that the marketplace would be familiar
with, existing products, or those very similar to existing products.
Predicting future behavior occurs when marketing professionals rely on the predictions of
sales professionals, the evaluations of executives, and market and consumer tests to determine
what likely will happen with the market and sales in the future. Although not a quantifiable
method, it does rely on knowledge, skill, and evaluations of the current market and its current
conditions, which is important. This method may be the only one suited to manage new products
not previously seen in the marketplace, such as the computer was decades ago.
References
3.
There are three key reasons why marketing inefficiencies occur. These include (1) a lack
of interest in, or understanding of, the consumer; (2) improper blending of the four P’s due to a
focus on internal concerns and not the consumer; and (3) a failure to understand or react to
market realities and what competitors do (Perreault et al, 2008, p. 604). When marketing
professionals ignore the consumer, as they do in all three of these causes for market inefficiency,
the forget one of the most important parties in the process of marketing. Just as marketing should
begin with a focus on the product and then look to the potential target market to determine how
to market that product, it must also ensure that it considers the consumers’ needs, wants, and
experience every step of the way.
Where the consumer is not understood marketing professionals may not promote the
product in ways that reach the target market or may sell a product at too high a cost for a
particular demographic group. If a marketing professional creates the marketing mix so it fulfills
internal needs rather than reaches the target market in a way that has a positive impact then the
costs of the product will exceed its benefits. If a marketing professional fails to understand
market realities then he or she will likely miss important opportunities that may harm their
ability to grow sales.
References
4.
As in many industries, technology has been a benefit and a challenge to marketing.
Technology has brought more effective and efficient methods to perform marketing and collect
marketing data and reach consumers. Technology has also created a great deal of confusion and
concern that the wrong types of methods are being used. Moreover, technology has also created
new means to issue promotions and learn about consumers, which has generated concerns
regarding privacy. There is not tool that is perfect, and the technological environment in
marketing is significant, effective, helpful, and also difficult to maneuver.
Technology has increased marketing professionals access to consumers and expanded the
method through which they can reach the consumer and learn about the consumer to build a
stronger relationship. Marketing can now occur through direct marketing, the Internet, cell
phones, and the traditional methods. These are much more personal types of marketing and enter
areas that at one time were private to a consumer. This has allowed marketing professionals to
build closer relationships with customers that were not once possible. However, while
technology enabled “businesses to focus on customer relationships, technology also gave
customers power” and this has created problems. Consumers can now post information about a
company or product and instantly distribute real or false information that can instantly damage
the reputation of a company or product. Likewise, the ability of companies to put marketing
everywhere has made many consumers turn away from marketing and simply ignore it.
References
5.
Delinquent behavior may be defined as that which society finds unacceptable. The three
integrated theories that explain delinquent behavior are reinforcement theory; and social
structural theories; and social process theories. Reinforcement theory indicates that the allure of
crime and the rewards it offers are what attract juveniles to crime and that they model their
behavior by observing the rewards crime provides. Social structural theories indicate that for the
lower classes the breakdown of control factors such as the family and community as well as the
development of different values or the frustrations inherent in living in a poor community result
in the acceptance of deviant or criminal behavior. The social process theories indicate that a
person’s development and links to society determine whether or not he or she will engage in
delinquent behavior.
Both reinforcement and social process theories can apply to anyone while social
structural theories examine delinquent behavior as something strictly associated with the lower
classes. All three, however, view the environment as critically important in shaping or
controlling deviant behavior. Given the clear examples of wealth in society today and the
growing gap between rich and poor in the nation, reinforcement theory provides a clear
motivation for people to engage in criminal activity.
6.
There are certainly differences in juvenile delinquency when factors such as race, gender,
and social class are considered. Males, for example, are known to be more likely to engage in
juvenile crime. Minority juveniles are also more likely to engage in criminal activity or
delinquency. As of 1997, for example, minorities made up 1/3 of juveniles in the country but 2/3
of juveniles in the criminal justice system (Minorities, 1999). These conditions have remained
the same, with minorities consistently overly represented in the criminal justice system in terms
of juveniles and adults. Statistics also show that males are far more represented in the criminal
justice system. The final element, that of social class, is one not easily determined for juveniles
as juveniles from both wealthy and poor communities engage in deviant or criminal behavior.
However, for those juveniles in the criminal justice system, the fact that most are minority youth
suggests that, as minorities are more likely to be in lower social classes for many reasons, social
class is a great determinant of who engages in criminal activity or who ends up in the criminal
justice system.
The fact that the ability to effectively avoid probation or incarceration or criminal charges
depends on one’s ability to hire an attorney easily illustrates that social class is a factor not in the
likelihood to commit deviant behavior but in the likelihood of being unable to avoid the
consequences for that behavior. This, in turn, also helps a juvenile avoid the problems of labeling
and lowered expectations that those unable to avoid such consequences suffer. Money, in short,
may be more important than it is considered. The case of the “rich” college boys accused of
raping a dancer illustrates this fact, as the parents were able to have the DA disbarred. Had those
boys been poor it is doubtful a public defender would have had the time to devote to their
defense that the attorney their parents’ money was able to provide them could afford to spend
References
7.
There are both official and unofficial measures of juvenile crime. Official measures are
those provided by the Uniform Crime Reports or other government records that include only
verified and reported criminal activity. However, there are many unofficial sources of criminal
data, such as those not recorded or investigated by police, that on which juveniles themselves
report, and that which unofficial agencies collect. Both provide valuable insights into criminal
activity, yet both are subject to reporting errors and bias. Official sources may underreport while
unofficial sources may over-report.
The unofficial data, however, as it normally has broader definitions of criminal activity,
may come closer to better calculating a measure of juvenile crime in the United States. This is
particularly true when one considers the fact that many people fail to report crime to the police
for cultural reasons. The unofficial data may be unverifiable, while that of official sources is, but
that alone does not make the information incorrect.
8.
A status offender is a juvenile who has committed a violation of law that is only
considered a violation of law due to the fact that the juvenile is a minor. A delinquent, however,
is a juvenile that has committed an offense that would be a crime regardless of their age. For
example, a status offender is a juvenile who has run away or has been truant from school. An
adult who “runs away” may be a missing person, but a child who has run away has broken the
law. Likewise, adult students are not required by law to attend school, although they are highly
encouraged to do so. A delinquent, however, has been found to have spray painted a building or
trespassed a private property. If an adult committed these same actions he or she would also be
guilty of the same criminal offenses.
The offenses of a status offender are only crimes because they are meant to protect
juveniles whiles the offenses of a delinquent are meant to protect the members of society. The
status offender is far less likely than the juvenile delinquent to be incarcerated, at least for a first
offense. Both, however, may suffer prosecution of some type and may be confined or otherwise
regulated by the court. Both may also indicate that they have problems which need to be taken
care of in order to avoid future criminal problems.
9.
Automobiles are a product that has been marketed differently across generations.
Automobiles targeted for business professionals and families between the ages of 30 to 50 or so,
tend to be presented on the basis of luxury and special features. Automobiles targeted to persons
aged 20 to 30 tend to be sold on their value, the fact that they rely on alternative fuel, and
reliability. Of course, each type of vehicle, the minivan, sports car, and pick-up truck are also
marketed differently based on the particular target market expected to purchase that product.
This type of marketing has been successful across all groups, but it may have been most
successful with the people aged 30 to 50. Automobile brands such as BMW, Lexus, and Audi, in
particular, are status symbols and persons in their 20s normally want them when they reach their
30s and persons in their 30s to 50s normally want them so they can appear to be “successful”.
10.
There is a well known link between juvenile victims and juvenile crime. “Research has
shown that child victimization and abuse are linked to problem behaviors that become evident
later in life. So an understanding of childhood victimization and its trends may lead to a better
understanding of juvenile offending” (Juvenile, 2006). When juveniles encounter trauma and are
victimized this affects their relationships with others and shapes the way they view others. It may
harm their ability to feel compassion for others or to interact positively with others. They also
learn to model their behavior on that which they have experienced. The way a juvenile grows up
will clearly affect how he or she lives his or her life and the choices he or she will make
regarding criminal activity.
While it is understood that environment often creates many of the situations which can
lead a juvenile to engage in criminal activity, the majority of programs designed to help “at risk”
juveniles tend to rely on parents to bring their children to these programs. There is an assumption
made that all juveniles will have parents who will sign them up for such programs as soon as
they become available in a community. That is not the case. Instead of creating programs where
parents must be responsible and caring enough to engage their children communities need to
develop programs that reach out directly to juveniles to engage those who may be most at risk –
those with poor parental models and protection.
References
1.
The two basic types of software are system software and applications software. System
software controls, structures, and coordinates computer functions, those items behind the scenes
normally. System software manages computer resources such as memory, control inputs and
outputs, and determine the user interface (Wolfe, 2000). Types of system software include DOS,
Windows, Unix, Macintosh, and others (Wolfe, 2000). System software, moreover, is what
allows application software to function. While computers would not operate without system
software this type of software is not often considered by the average user.,
Applications software is designed to complete specific functions and is clear and evident
to most computer users. These are the systems the average computer user thinks of when he or
she thinks of computer software. They include the word processors, games, and e-mail programs
people use on a regular basis. Each of these applications have a unique purpose and interact with
the system software to complete that purpose and function properly as they cannot function of
their own volition without the system software’s assistance.
References
2.
The vast majority of the public uses the terms Internet and World Wide Web
interchangeably, but they are actually two different things. The Internet is a system of
interconnected computer networks that helps transfer information via computers (Internet, n.d.).
The Internet, for example, carries private communications through e-mail and organizations. The
Internet also carries mainly public or semi-public communications via the World Wide Web. The
World Wide Web is a part of the Internet that helps users obtain and provide information to each
other and that connects them to each other (Internet, n.d.). Therefore, computer users reach the
World Wide Web, abbreviated www, by going through the Internet. There are many different
ways to connect to the Internet.
Internet2 developed through a collaborative effort between U.S. research universities to
create the broadband application, engineering and network management tools that will enable
advanced research and education to take place (Kleinsasser, 2002). Internet2 is not only private,
while the Internet is public, but it is also much, much faster than the Internet (Kleinssser, 2002).
Another key difference is that the Internet2 has a specified purpose that conducts only certain
kinds of traffic or resources, while the Internet can contain anything. It is a much more direct
method to communicate than the regular Internet.
References
3.
Cloud computing has been defined as “an IT consumption pattern that relies on
abstracted resources delivered as utility services” (Can cloud, 2009). In clearer English this
means that cloud computing allows organizations and individuals to obtain large computing
resources, such as networks and systems, that they would not otherwise be able to acquire unless
they had the significant financial resources to purchase them. Cloud computing allows parties to
obtain the resources they need through a system where they pay only for the amount of resources
they use. Resources and services can include: “storage, database, information, processing,
integration, security, management/governance, ... testing, ... application, platform, and
infrastructure” (Linthicum, 2010).
The reasons for cloud computing’s increasing popularity as an IT strategy are easy to
identify. While computing storage, processing, and other needs have increased for even the
smallest of businesses, the costs of these things are not affordable for all businesses. There are,
however, many organizations that have these resources and often have excess capacity. It is a
profit opportunity for the organizations with these resources to lease or rent them out to others
and it is an effective cost containment method for those who need them to lease or rent them.
Both not only help increase profits and reduce costs, but effectively use resources. The security
available and the speed of transfer also make these popular.
References
4.
As the name implies a decision support system is a computer system that helps mangers
and others who need to make decisions or conclusions about something. Professionals define a
decision support system as “an intelligent model dealing with semi- or ill-defined and structured
decision-making problems in order to support better judgment amongst decision-makers” (Lee,
2006). A decision support system helps collect, distribute, and analyze data so that decision
makers can better understand and better evaluate options and their consequences to help them
make a final decision on any matter, be it product, construction, operational, or service related. It
is also useful in nearly all industries.
If I were a manager that needed to make a decision in an area where I lacked expertise the
decision support system I selected for my use would be one that defined and explained the area
and how it interacted with all other areas. I would want to have the ability to analyze the
information provided by the system so the system would need to let me manipulate the data in
multiple ways. This will also be important where there are complex relationships hidden in the
data. Further, if the system would allow me to create simulations where I could manipulate
variables and make alternative decisions to see what would result, that would also help me make
a better choice.
References
5.
The term computer virus if often used to describe any type of harmful or destructive
infection or infiltration of a computer made against the wishes or the knowledge of the computer
owner or user. In reality, they are two different things. A computer virus is a program that enters
a computer and can then copy itself and spread to other computers (Disinfecting, 2010). Spyware
is a type of program that collects data about the user of a computer and how he or she uses the
computer at the time he or she uses it, but it does not copy itself or spread as a computer virus
does. Both, viruses and spyware, however, can lead to significant harm and cost.
A 2007 study “put a price tag of more than $7 billion on the financial suffering
experienced by victims of Internet fraud and attacks” (Prince, 2007). To avoid these costs there
are many things people can do. One of the best ways is to put an effective anti-virus system on
one’s PC and to ensure it is updated on a timely basis. Another way is avoid replying to e-mail’s
from recipients one does not recognize or avoid clicking on websites or on email links from
others. Downloading programs from unknown sources can also help a person avoid these
problems.
References
6.
Web 2.0 is technological evolution in the way that the web can be used (Barbry, 2007).
While these changes in technology are not modifying the way the average use approaches the
Internet or uses it, it is creating “important modifications including the creation of new services,
modifications to business models, new behaviour patterns on the part of internet users and ... a
revolution of the legal certainties acquired under Web 1.0” (Barbry, 2007). The greatest
difference between the two is the manner in which Web 2.0 is a system created through the
active interaction of users and website business owners.
One of the most common ways in which Web 2.0 is being used by firms today is the fact
that many retailers, in particular, have developed Facebook or Twitter pages and use these to
provide information from their “fans” and to get ideas from them about things they want. Apple,
for example, has a strong Twitter and Facebook following and uses it to announce product
introductions and help users create groups where they can exchange information about the Apple
products they use. Ultimately, this has helped the company develop a devoted fan base that has
helped it build strong sales for its products.
References
Application Question
My favorite viral marketing campaign of all time was launched by a non-profit group
within the last couple of months. This organization has created brief images of cultural
experiences, opera, dance, orchestras, singing, and the like, called “Random Acts of Culture” and
put several videos on YouTube. In these scenes, which take place in malls, airports, or other
public places, performers who dance, sing, or play musical instruments professionally from local
dance, music, choral groups, or opera companies, and are dressed as members of the public, all
of a sudden begin to perform their acts, much to the delight of the crowd. My favorite is the
Opera Company of Philadelphia which in late October 2010 got some 650 members of the opera
and nearby choral groups to break out into the Hallelujah chorus at a Macy’s store in
Philadelphia. It was beautiful, entertaining, and spread a smile to everyone’s face.
This campaign is effective because it supports something good – the arts. Its goal is to
publicize important elements of culture that are not otherwise promoted and remind the public
that they truly enjoy these forms of entertainment. It is also a way to publicize the arts without
asking for money or preaching about their importance. The very fact that people are pleased and
enjoy the experience provides sufficient reason to support the arts and those groups involved in
these Random Acts of Culture.
1.
A good is normally a product that can be purchased while a service is something that is
done for a buyer by another person for a fee. For example, buying shoes is the purchase of a
good while having one’s shoes shined or repaired are services one purchases. The differences
between these two are, of course, that goods can be seen and touched as they are tangible.
Services, however, can be experienced (as in the case of a massage) or one can benefit from a
service (such as a haircut) but one cannot touch a service as it is intangible. While goods are
normally manufactured first and then wait for consumers to purchase them, services are normally
only “created” or provided when a consumer purchases them. Therefore, goods are produced
independently of consumers while services involve consumer participation.
This also means that goods can be stored while services fully consumed when they are
provided. As goods are created without direct consumer intervention or evaluation they require
their manufacturers to rely on quality measures to determine when they are good enough for the
market while the quality of a service is based on the perceptions of a consumer. In addition,
while one can purchase a good and take it from the store or have it delivered, that is not the case
with services. Services only exist where they are provided and cannot be moved or shifted from
different locations once completed.
(Note: this is a DISCUSSION question not a list question)
2.
The words efficiency and effectiveness are often used together, but few realize that they
refer to very different things. While is its true that they refer to similar concepts and often appear
together, they do not always have to exist together. Efficiency refers to the ability to achieve a
desired result, such as the production of a good, with a minimum of effort or cost (Efficiency,
2010). If an organization can produce a good and maintain the same amount of quality but
reduce the time it takes to produce the goods by 10 minutes each, then this is a great
improvement in efficiency. Likewise, if it can reduce the use of raw materials needed to create
the same good, while maintaining the same quality and size, it has also achieved a greater
efficiency.
Effectiveness, however, refers to the ability of a process or action to achieve its desired
goal or result. A car that can drive well for a long period of time without needing any repairs is
effective. A coat that keeps a person warm on a cold day is effective. A production line that
produces good products on a continuous basis is an effective production line. When managers
are able to combine effectiveness with efficiency, however, the ultimate result is far better than
that of their individual accomplishments. An effective production line that also is efficient means
it produces high quality repeatedly but at a lower cost and with less waste.
References
3.
A value chain is a system of interrelated parts that combine to provide a competitive
advantage in the marketplace (The value chain, 2010). While all businesses consist of
departments and personnel who complete different tasks so the organization as a whole can
provide goods or services to the marketplace, the manner in which this is done can help increase
or decrease profits, effectiveness, and efficiency.
To create a value chain business owners or managers must identify all value producing
activities completed by a business. By focusing on ways to manage and improve how each of
these is managed an organization can then ensure its value chain is as efficient and effective as
possible. This, in turn, will result in the business having identified its areas of expertise,
efficiency, and effectiveness. It can then rely on these to obtain significant competitive
advantages in the marketplace and to develop its most effective marketing strategies.
References
4.
Operations managers must ensure that they can carry on operations regardless of where
they are located. Six key factors that operations managers must consider when deciding where to
locate a facility are the following: adequacy of utilities; land; labor market conditions;
transportation factors; quality of life factors; and the legal and political environment. These are
essential as they can also impact the quality of production and the ability to produce and deliver
products. These issues are discussed below.
The adequacy of utilities will determine whether computers, equipment, and machinery
can operate when needed. If production lines cannot operate because there are repeated, random
power outages in a location then that location is not a good option. Determining the reliability of
power in a location, particularly a developing country, is necessary prior to site selection. The
quality of the land, whether it floods or suffers other dangerous weather patterns that can prevent
operations or make it difficult to obtain raw materials is also important. Labor market conditions,
meaning both the cost of labor and the availability of educated labor can determine whether one
has the necessary personnel to complete work. Transportation factors, such as the ease of
transportation and the availability of it will determine whether materials and employees can get
to the facility easily or whether it will cause costly slowdowns. Quality of life factors, as well,
will impact how easily a facility can lure talented employees to the location. Legal and political
factors, of course, will attest to the stability and enforceability of contracts in a location and is
vital to business success.
References
5.
As with all responsibilities that require multiple steps before they can be effectively
completed, projects often require the combined efforts of multiple people and the coordination of
those efforts at specific points in time to achieve a single goal. Without a well orchestrated
project plan that work cannot be completed. A project plan effectively indicates who will do
what and when tasks are expected to begin and be completed. Effective project scheduling helps
identify resources, times, tasks, and work flow so that mistakes are not made and items that must
be completed in a certain order are ready when they are needed.
A Gantt chart provides a clear indication of when tasks are expected to begin and how
long they are expected to take to complete (Chung, 2007). This type of chart provides a clear
visual indication of these facts which makes it effective to use where a quick look is desired to
understand the proper scheduling. A critical path method, however, is better in situations where
tasks must be completed on a set time basis as it identifies which actions must be taken and in
what order. It also indicates the proper work flow that must be followed (Chung, 2007).
References
Application Questions
a.
Malcalm Baldrige was the Secretary of Commerce for Ronald Reagan (Malcolm, 2010).
During the 1980s, as the Japanese industries were developing a strong reputation for product
quality, Baldrige met with business leaders to find ways to improve quality in American
manufacturing plants. The group creates a quality award, similar to the Deming Prize used by the
Japanese to reward quality manufacturing (Malcolm, 2010). The award is named in memory of
Baldrige, who as a chief advocate of the award.
References
b.
One of the great benefits associated with simply applying for the award is the fact that an
organization’s programs will be fully evaluated. An organization that applies, therefore, even if it
does not win the award, will be told what improvements it can make and what changes it can
apply to improve its operations even more.
c.
The Baldrige Award evaluates the following factors: leadership; strategic
planning; customer focus; measurement, analysis, and knowledge management;
workforce focus; operations focus; and results. Leadership refers to the way in which the
organization’s senior leaders shape the organization and motivate it toward excellence.
Strategic planning refers to the ways in which the organization develops goals. Customer
focus refers to the way in which the organization builds relationships with customers and
strives to meet their needs. Measurement, analysis, and knowledge management refers to
the way the organization improves its data collection and information stores. Workforce
focus refers to the ways in which the organization helps build a motivated and effective
workforce. Operations focus refers to the way in which the organization works to develop
and improve its operations management and procedures. Results refers to the types of
improvements and assessments made by the organization in all areas.
d.
The Baldrige Award is available to more organizations in more industries than ISo 9000.
Further, the Baldrige Award is useful for competitive improvements whereas ISO 9000 provides
a strict list of rules companies must adhere to. Both do, however, focus on quality. The Baldrige
Award is also far broader in the areas it examines than other quality programs are.
2.
The introduction of just-in-time (JIT) inventory control methods were a breakthrough for
many organizations. The cost to carry large stores of raw materials and work-in-progress
inventories reduced the ability of many firms to price their products more effectively in the
marketplace. JIT inventory controls, which ensure that manufacturers or retailers have the
inventory they need, when they need it but not before, help reduce carrying costs. In turn, this
reduces costs of production and business. For JIT to work, however, a manufacturer or retailers
must ensure it can obtain the materials it needs when it needs them. This, in turn, requires the
business to correctly predict when it will need its inventory. Forecasting, therefore, the ability to
determine when materials will be needed and how much of a certain material will be needed, is
central to JIT. Older levels of inventory control were based on estimates of needs based on past
performance. JIT, however, while it may look at past performance, considers future market
changes and expectations when it determines what levels of JIT will be needed and when (Justin-time, n.d.).
JIT systems appear to be better designed for manufacturing operations than service
operations. Service operations normally rely on far greater human capital than inventory stocks
and often has significant lead time available during which they can order any materials they do
not have on hand. They also, therefore, do not normally have to carry large inventory stocks.
Manufacturing operations, however, rely on inventory availability and must have it when it is
needed. To reduce costs, therefore, JIT perfectly meets its needs.
References
Just-in-time production. (n.d). Ashland University. Retrieved December 4, 2010, from
http://personal.ashland.edu/~rjacobs/m503jit.html