Download DOUGLAS C. GIANCOLI

PHYSICS
PRINCIPLES
WITH
APPLICATIONS
SIXTH EDITION
DOUGLAS C. GIANCOLI
Pearson Education International
)NTENTS
KINEMATICS IN TWO
DIMENSIONS; VECTORS
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
*3-7
*3-8
LICATIONS LIST
FACE
[LABLE SUPPLEMENTS AND MEDIA
ES TO STUDENTS (AND INSTRUCTORS)
THE FORMAT
OR USE: VECTORS, FIELDS, AND SYMBOLS
INTRODUCTION, MEASUREMENT,
ESTIMATING
The Nature of Science
Physics and its Relation to Other Fields
Models, Theories, and Laws
Measurement and Uncertainty;
Significant Figures
Units, Standards, and the SI System
Converting Units
Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating
Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
SUMMARY 15
PROBLEMS 16
XXV
1
1
3
4
5
8
10
12
14
Reference Frames and Displacement
Average Velocity
Instantaneous Velocity
Acceleration
Motion at Constant Acceleration
Solving Problems
Falling Objects
Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion
SUMMARY 3 8
PROBLEMS 3 9
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
QUESTIONS 3 8
GENERAL PROBLEMS 4 2
20
21
23
23
26
28
31
36
48
49
54
56
62
62
69
72
Force
Newton's First Law of Motion
Mass
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Newton's Third Law of Motion
Weight—the Force of Gravity; and the
Normal Force
Solving Problems with Newton's Laws:
Free-Body Diagrams
Problems Involving Friction, Inclines
Problem Solving—A General Approach
SUMMARY 96
PROBLEMS 98
72
73
75
75
77
80
84
90
96
QUESTIONS 97
GENERAL PROBLEMS 103
CIRCULAR MOTION;
GRAVITATION
QUESTIONS 16
GENERAL PROBLEMS 17
DESCRIBING MOTION: KINEMATICS
IN ONE DIMENSION
19
QUESTIONS 65
GENERAL PROBLEMS
45
46
DYNAMICS: NEWTON'S LAWS
OF MOTION
xxii
xxiv
Vectors and Scalars
Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods
Subtraction of Vectors, and
Multiplication of aVector by a Scalar
Adding Vectors by Components
Projectile Motion
Solving Problems Involving Projectile
Motion
Projectile Motion Is Parabolic
Relative Velocity
SUMMARY 64
PROBLEMS 65
xii
xiv
45
106
5-1
5-2
5-3
Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion
Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
Highway Curves, Banked
and Unbanked
*5-4 Nonuniform Circular Motion
*5-5 Centrifugation
5-6
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
5-7
Gravity Near the Earth's Surface;
Geophysical Applications
5-8 Satellites and "Weightlessness"
*5-9 Kepler's Laws and Newton's Synthesis
5-10 Types of Forces in Nature
SUMMARY 1 2 8
PROBLEMS 130
QUESTIONS 129
GENERAL PROBLEMS 133
106
109
112
115
116
117
121
122
125
128
136
WORK AND ENERGY
Work Done by a Constant Force
Work Done by a Varying Force
Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy
Principle
6-4 Potential Energy
6-5
Conservative and Nonconservative
Forces
6-6 Mechanical Energy and Its
Conservation
6-7 Problem Solving Using Conservation
of Mechanical Energy
6-8
Other Forms of Energy;
Energy Transformations and the
Law of Conservation of Energy
6-9 Energy Conservation with Dissipative
Forces: Solving Problems
6-10 Power
137
141
6-1
*6-2
6-3
SUMMARY 160
PROBLEMS 162
7
QUESTIONS 160
GENERAL PROBLEMS
141
144
148
149
150
155
165
167
LINEAR MOMENTUM
Momentum and Its Relation to Force
Conservation of Momentum
Collisions and Impulse
Conservation of Energy and Momentum
in Collisions
7-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
7-6
Inelastic Collisions
*7-7 Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions
7-8 Center of Mass (CM)
*7-9 CM for the Human Body
*7-10 Center of Mass and Translational
Motion
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
SUMMARY 187
PROBLEMS 188
8
ROTATIONAL MOTION
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
8-5
8-6
8-7
8-8
*8-9
Angular Quantities
Constant Angular Acceleration
Rolling Motion (Without Slipping)
Torque
Rotational Dynamics; Torque and
Rotational Inertia
Solving Problems in Rotational
Dynamics
Rotational Kinetic Energy
Angular Momentum and Its
Conservation
Vector Nature of Angular Quantities
SUMMARY 2 1 7
PROBLEMS 2 1 9
vi
QUESTIONS 187
GENERAL PROBLEMS
CONTENTS
STATIC EQUILIBRIUM;
ELASTICITY AND FRACTURE
156
158
168
170
173
175
176
178
179
182
184
185
9-1
9-2
*9-3
9-4
*9-5
*9-6
*9-7
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
192
194
195
201
202
203
QUESTIONS 2 1 7
GENERAL PROBLEMS 2 2 3
206
208
210
213
215
The Conditions for Equilibrium
Solving Statics Problems
Applications to Muscles and Joints
Stability and Balance
Elasticity; Stress and Strain
Fracture
Spanning a Space:
Arches and Domes
SUMMARY 246
PROBLEMS 247
XU
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
10-10
*10-ll
*10-12
*10-13
*10-14
:
QUESTIONS 2 4 6
GENERAL PROBLEMS 25:
FLUIDS
Phases of Matter
Density and Specific Gravity
Pressure in Fluids
Atmospheric Pressure and
Gauge Pressure
Pascal's Principle
Measurement of Pressure; Gauges
and the Barometer
Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle
Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and
the Equation of Continuity
Bernoulli's Equation
Applications of Bernoulli's Principle:
from Torricelli to Airplanes, Baseballs,
and TIA
Viscosity
Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille's Equation,
Blood Flow
Surface Tension and Capillarity
Pumps, and the Heart
SUMMARY 279
PROBLEMS 2 8 1
QUESTIONS 2 8 0
GENERAL PROBLEMS 28
VIBRATIONS AND WAVES
286
Simple Harmonic Motion
Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM
The Simple Pendulum
Damped Harmonic Motion
Forced Vibrations; Resonance
Wave Motion
Types of Waves: Transverse and
Longitudinal
Energy Transported by Waves
Intensity Related to Amplitude
and Frequency
Reflection and Transmission of Waves
Interference; Principle of Superposition
Standing Waves; Resonance
Refraction
Diffraction
Mathematical Representation of
a Traveling Wave
SUMMARY 315
PROBLEMS 317
287
289
292
296
298
299
300
303
305
306
307
308
310
312
313
322
Characteristics of Sound
Intensity of Sound: Decibels
The Ear and Its Response; Loudness
Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and
Air Columns
Quality of Sound, and Noise;
Superposition
Interference of Sound Waves; Beats
Doppler Effect
Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom
Applications: Sonar, Ultrasound, and
Medical Imaging
SUMMARY 345
PROBLEMS 347
QUESTIONS 346
GENERAL PROBLEMS 349
322
325
328
329
334
335
338
342
343
352
13-1 Atomic Theory of Matter
13-2 Temperature and Thermometers
*13-3 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth
Law of Thermodynamics
13-4 Thermal Expansion
*13-5 Thermal Stresses
13-6 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature
13-7 The Ideal Gas Law
13-8 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law
13-9 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules:
Avogadro's Number
13-10 Kinetic Theory and the Molecular
Interpretation of Temperature
*13-11 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
*13-12 Real Gases and Changes of Phase
*13-13 Vapor Pressure and Humidity
*13-14 Diffusion
SUMMARY 378
PROBLEMS 380
314
QUESTIONS 316
GENERAL PROBLEMS 320
SOUND
^ _ TEMPERATURE AND
1 3 KINETIC THEORY
352
354
357
357
361
361
363
364
366
367
371
371
373
376
QUESTIONS 379
GENERAL PROBLEMS 382
14
HEAT
384
14-1
14-2
14-3
14-4
14-5
14-6
14-7
14-8
Heat as Energy Transfer
Internal Energy
Specific Heat
Calorimetry—Solving Problems
Latent Heat
Heat Transfer: Conduction
Heat Transfer: Convection
Heat Transfer: Radiation
385
386
387
388
391
395
397
399
SUMMARY 403
PROBLEMS 404
QUESTIONS 403
GENERAL PROBLEMS 406
15
THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 408
15-1
15-2
*15-3
15-4
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law
Human Metabolism and the First Law
Second Law of Thermodynamics—
Introduction
Heat Engines
Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat
Pumps
Entropy and the
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Order to Disorder
Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death
Evolution and Growth; "Time's Arrow"
Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and
the Second Law
Thermal Pollution and Global Warming
15-5
15-6
15-7
15-8
15-9
*15-10
*15-11
*15-12
SUMMARY 432
PROBLEMS 433
409
410
414
415
416
421
424
426
426
427
428
430
QUESTIONS 433
GENERAL PROBLEMS 436
CONTENTS
vii
ELECTRIC CHARGE AND
ELECTRIC FIELD
439
16-1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and
Its Conservation
16-2 Electric Charge in the Atom
16-3 Insulators and Conductors
16-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope
16-5 Coulomb's Law
16-6 Solving Problems Involving Coulomb's
Law and Vectors
16-7 The Electric Field
16-8 Field Lines
16-9 Electric Fields and Conductors
*16-10 Gauss's Law
*16-11 Electric Forces in Molecular Biology:
DNA Structure and Replication
* 16-12 Photocopy Machines and Computer
Printers Use Electrostatics
SUMMARY 463
PROBLEMS 465
17
440
441
441
442
444
447
450
454
456
457
462
470
17-1 Electric Potential Energy and Potential
Difference
17-2 Relation between Electric Potential and
Electric Field
17-3 Equipotential Lines
17-4 The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy
17-5 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges
*17-6 Potential Due to Electric Dipole;
Dipole Moment
17-7 Capacitance
17-8 Dielectrics
17-9 Storage of Electric Energy
*17-10 Cathode Ray Tube: TV and Computer
Monitors, Oscilloscope
*17-11 The Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
SUMMARY 488
PROBLEMS 489
viii
CONTENTS
ELECTRIC CURRENTS
18-1
18-2
18-3
18-4
18-5
18-6
18-7
*18-8
*18-9
*18-10
The Electric Battery
Electric Current
Ohm's Law: Resistance and Resistors
Resistivity
Electric Power
Power in Household Circuits
Alternating Current
Microscopic View of Electric Current
Superconductivity
Electrical Conduction in the Human
Nervous System
SUMMARY 514
PROBLEMS 515
19
QUESTIONS 488
GENERAL PROBLEMS 491
470
474
474
476
476
479
480
482
484
485
487
QUESTIONS 514
GENERAL PROBLEMS 51
DC CIRCUITS
19-1 EMF and Terminal Voltage
19-2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel
19-3 Kirchhoff s Rules
EMFs in Series and in Parallel;
*19-4 Charging a Battery
Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series
19-5 and in Parallel
RC Circuits—Resistor and Capacitor in
19-6 Series
19-7 Electric Hazards
*19-8 Ammeters and Voltmeters
SUMMARY 545
PROBLEMS 547
460
QUESTIONS 464
GENERAL PROBLEMS 468
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
18
20
QUESTIONS 545
GENERAL PROBLEMS 5.
MAGNETISM
20-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields
20-2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetic
Fields
20-3 Force on an Electric Current in _
a Magnetic Field; Definition of B
20-4 Force on Electric Charge Moving in
a Magnetic Field
20-5 Magnetic Field Due to a Long
Straight Wire
20-6 Force between Two Parallel Wires
20-7 Solenoids and Electromagnets
*20-8 Ampere's Law
*20-9 Torque on a Current Loop;
Magnetic Moment
*20-10 Applications: Galvanometers, Motors,
Loudspeakers
*20-ll Mass Spectrometer
20-12 Ferromagnetism: Domains and
Hysteresis
SUMMARY 575
PROBLEMS 577
QUESTIONS 576
GENERAL PROBLEMS 5<
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
AND FARADAY'S LAW
584
Induced EMF
Faraday's Law of Induction; Lenz's Law
EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor
Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an
Electric Field
Electric Generators
Back EMF and Counter Torque;
Eddy Currents
Transformers and Transmission of Power
Applications of Induction: Sound Systems,
Computer Memory, Seismograph, GFCI
Inductance
Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
LR Circuit
AC Circuits and Reactance
LRC Series AC Circuit
Resonance in AC Circuits
SUMMARY 608
PROBLEMS 6 1 0
584
586
590
593
595
615
616
617
619
622
623
626
632
QUESTIONS 657
GENERAL PROBLEMS 662
632
633
635
642
642
645
647
650
654
656
(25-2.)
< see that the shorter the focal Icnjiih nl th.
s j * e magnification of a given l u s
! your eye so it focu1
24 THE WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT
664
24-1 Waves Versus Particles;
Huygens' Principle and Diffraction
*24-2 Huygens' Principle and the Law
of Refraction
24-3 Interference—Young's Double-Slit
Experiment
24-4
The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion
24-5
Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk
24-6
Diffraction Grating
*24-7
The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy
24-8
Interference by Thin Films
*24-9
Michelson Interferometer
24-10
Polarization
*24-ll
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)
*24-12
Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere
SUMMARY 690
PROBLEMS 692
625
The Ray Model of Light
Reflection; Image Formation by a
Plane Mirror
Formation of Images by Spherical
Mirrors
Index of Refraction
Refraction: SnelPs Law
Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics
Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing
The Thin Lens Equation; Magnification
Combinations of Lenses
The Lensmaker's Equation
SUMMARY 656
PROBLEMS 658
598
600
602
602
603
606
608
QUESTIONS 629
GENERAL PROBLEMS 631
LIGHT: GEOMETRIC OPTICS
(25-11
levej
Changing Electric Fields Produce
Magnetic Fields; Maxwell's Equations
Production of Electromagnetic Waves
Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and
the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Measuring the Speed of Light
Energy in EM Waves
Momentum Transfer and Radiation
Pressure
Radio and Television; Wireless
Communication
SUMMARY 629
PROBLEMS 629
whk'h the same
l< that the angle
ficr is used. The
hfined as the ratio
\nglc subtended
\ V of the eye
where 6 and V are shown in Fig. 25-16. We can write!
length by noting that 9 = h/N (Fig. 25-16b) and (f
where A it the height of the object and we assume the .'
6' equal their sines and tangents. If the eye is relaxed
image will be at infinity and the object will be precr
Fig. 25-17. Then d, - / and »' = h/f Thus
591
592
QUESTIONS 609
GENERAL PROBLEMS 613
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
"mparison of part (a) of Hg.
•cl is viewed ai the near point with
object subtends at the eye is much large?
angular •wgnMcaticM or nugairytaf p o m , M, _
of the angle subtended by an object when using ( ,
using the unaided eye. with the object at the
(N = 25 cm for a normal eye):
25-7
25-8
25-9
*25-10
*25-ll
*25-12
666
668
671
673
676
678
679
684
684
688
690
QUESTIONS 691
GENERAL PROBLEMS 694
25 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
25-1
25-2
25-3
25-4
*25-5
*25-6
665
696
Cameras, Film and Digital
The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses
Magnifying Glass
Telescopes
Compound Microscope
Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors
Limits of Resolution; Circular
Apertures
Resolution of Telescopes and
Microscopes; the A Limit
Resolution of the Human Eye and
Useful Magnification
Specialty Microscopes and Contrast
X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction
X-Ray Imaging and Computed
Tomography (CT Scan)
SUMMARY 721
PROBLEMS 722
697
701
704
706
708
710
711
714
715
716
717
718
QUESTIONS 722
GENERAL PROBLEMS 725
CONTENTS
ix
THE SPECIAL THEORY OF
RELATIVITY
726
26-1 Galilean-Newtonian Relativity
26-2 Postulates of the Special Theory
26-3
26-4
26-5
*26-6
26-7
26-8
26-9
26-10
26-11
of Relativity
Simultaneity
Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox
Length Contraction
Four-Dimensional Space-Time
Relativist^ Momentum and Mass
The Ultimate Speed
E = me2; Mass and Energy
Relativistic Addition of Velocities
The Impact of Special Relativity
SUMMARY 749
PROBLEMS 751
727
730
731
734
740
742
742
743
744
748
748
QUESTIONS 750
GENERAL PROBLEMS 752
EARLY QUANTUM THEORY AND
MODELS OF THE A T O M 7 5 4
27-1 Discovery and Properties of the Electron
27-2 Planck's Quantum Hypothesis;
Blackbody Radiation
27-3 Photon Theory of Light and the
Photoelectric Effect
27-4 Energy, Mass, and Momentum of a
Photon
*27-5 Compton Effect
27-6 Photon Interactions; Pair Production
27-7 Wave-Particle Duality; the Principle of
Complementarity
27-8 Wave Nature of Matter
*27-9 Electron Microscopes
27-10 Early Models of the Atom
27-11 Atomic Spectra: Key to the Structure
of the Atom
27-12 The Bohr Model
27-13 de Broglie's Hypothesis Applied to Atoms
SUMMARY 781
PROBLEMS 782
754
756
758
762
763
764
QUESTIONS 782
GENERAL PROBLEMS 784
765
766
768
769
771
773
780
28
QUANTUM MECHANICS OF
ATOMS
28-1 Quantum Mechanics—A New Theory
28-2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation
the Double-Slit Experiment
28-3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
*28-4 Philosophic Implications; Probability
versus Determinism
28-5 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms
28-6 Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen
Atom; Quantum Numbers
28-7 Complex Atoms; the Exclusion Principli
28-8 The Periodic Table of Elements
*28-9 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number
*28-10 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
*28-ll Lasers
*28-12
Holography
SUMMARY 807
PROBLEMS 809
29
MOLECULES AND SOLIDS
*29-l
*29-2
*29-3
*29-4
*29-5
*29-6
*29-7
*29-8
*29-9
Bonding in Molecules
Potential-Energy Diagrams for Molecules
Weak (van der Waals) Bonds
Molecular Spectra
Bonding in Solids
Band Theory of Solids
Semiconductors and Doping
Semiconductor Diodes
Transistors and Integrated Circuits
SUMMARY 831
PROBLEMS 832
30
30-1
30-2
30-3
30-4
30-5
30-6
30-7
30-8
30-9
30-10
30-11
*30-12
30-13
CONTENTS
QUESTIONS 832
GENERAL PROBLEMS 8
NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND
RADIOACTIVITY
Structure and Properties of the Nucleus
Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces
Radioactivity
Alpha Decay
Beta Decay
Gamma Decay
Conservation of Nucleon Number and
Other Conservation Laws
Half-life and Rate of Decay
Calculations Involving Decay Rates
and Half-Life
Decay Series
Radioactive Dating
Stability and Tunneling
Detection of Radiation
SUMMARY 858
PROBLEMS 860
x
QUESTIONS 808
GENERAL PROBLEMS 8
QUESTIONS 859
GENERAL PROBLEMS 8
NUCLEAR ENERGY; EFFECTS AND
USES OF RADIATION
863
Nuclear Reactions and the
Transmutation of Elements
Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors
Nuclear Fusion
Passage of Radiation Through Matter;
Radiation Damage
Measurement of Radiation—Dosimetry
Radiation Therapy
Tracers andftmaging in Research and
Medicine
Emission Tomography
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
SUMMARY 885
PROBLEMS 886
863
866
871
876
877
880
880
881
882
QUESTIONS 885
GENERAL PROBLEMS 887
- 3*5
ASTROPHYSICS
AND COSMOLOGY
914
33-1 Stars and Galaxies
33-2 Stellar Evolution: The Birth and Death
of Stars
33-3 Distance Measurements
33-4 General Relativity: Gravity and the
Curvature of Space
33-5 The Expanding Universe:
Redshift and Hubble's Law
33-6 The Big Bang and the Cosmic
Microwave Background
33-7 The Standard Cosmological Model:
the Early History of the Universe
33-8 Dark Matter and Dark Energy
33-9 Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
33-10 Finally...
SUMMARY 943
PROBLEMS 944
915
918
924
926
930
933
936
939
942
942
QUESTIONS 944
GENERAL PROBLEMS 945
APPENDICES
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
889
High-Energy Particles and Accelerators
Beginnings of Elementary Particle
Physics—Particle Exchange
Particles and Antiparticles
Particle Interactions and
Conservation Laws
Neutrinos—Recent Results
Particle Classification
Particle Stability and Resonances
Strange Particles? Charm?
Maybe a New Model Is Needed!
Quarks
) The "Standard Model": Quantum
Chromodynamics (QCD) and the
Electroweak Theory
. Grand Unified Theories
! Strings and Supersymmetry
SUMMARY 910
PROBLEMS 911
QUESTIONS 911
GENERAL PROBLEMS 913
890
895
898
898
900
901
902
903
904
A
MATHEMATICAL REVIEW
A-l
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
Relationships, Proportionality, and Equations
Exponents
Powers of 10, or Exponential Notation
Algebra
The Binomial Expansion
Plane Geometry
Trigonometric Functions and Identities
Logarithms
A-l
A-2
A-3
A-3
A-6
A-7
A-8
A-10
B
SELECTED ISOTOPES
A-12
C
ROTATING FRAMES OF REFERENCE;
INERTIAL FORCES; CORIOLIS EFFECT
A-16
D
E
906
908
910
A-l
MOLAR SPECIFIC HEATS FOR GASES, AND
THE EQUIPARTITION OF ENERGY
A-20
GALILEAN AND LORENTZ
TRANSFORMATIONS
A-23
ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS
INDEX
PHOTO CREDITS
A-27
A-42
A-57
CONTENTS
xi
APPLICATIONS TO BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
Chapter 1
Estimating number of heartbeats
in a lifetime
13
Chapter 4
79
How we walk
Chapter 5
116,201
Centrifuge
Chapter 7
174
Don't break a leg
184
Body parts center of ma$s
Chapter 8
Biceps torque
205,221
Chapter 9
Teeth straightening
227
234
Forces in muscles and joints
234
Muscle insertion and lever arm
235
Spine, back pain
236
Body balance
Chapter 10
Body suspension in water
255
269
Blood circulation
273
Blood loss to brain—TIA
275
Blood flow and heart disease
276
Insect on water surface
278
Heart as a pump
278
Blood pressure
Chapter 11
Spider web
293
Echolocation in whales, bats
304
Chapter 12
Wide range of human hearing 325,329
Human ear and its sensitivity
328
Doppler blood-flow meter
and other medical uses
341
Ultrasound medical imaging
344
Chapter 13
Life under ice
360
Molecules in one breath
367
Evaporation cools
374,395
Diffusion in living organisms
378
Chapter 14
Working off Calories
386
Convection by blood
399
Humans' radiative heat loss
400
Medical thermography
402
Chapter 15
Energy in the human body
414
Biological evolution and development 427
Chapter 16
Cells: electric forces plus kinetic theory 460
DNA structure and replication
460
Chapter 17
Dipoles in molecular biology
480
485
Capacitor burn or shock
485
Heart defibrillator
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
487
Chapter 18
Electrical conduction in the
human nervous system
510
Chapter 19
Heart pacemaker
538
Electric shock, grounding, and safety 539
539
Chapter 21
EM blood flow measurement
590
Ground fault circuit interrupters
599
Pacemaker
600
Chapter 22
Optical tweezers
626
Chapter 23
Medical endoscopes (fiber optics) 646
Chapter 25
Human eye
701
Corrective lenses
702
Contact lenses
703
Seeing under water
704
Light microscopes
708
Resolution of human eye
713
X-ray diffraction in biology
718
X-ray images
718
CAT scans
719
Chapter 27
Photosynthesis
763
Measuring bone density
764
Electron microscope, STM,AFM 768,769
c napter zs
Medical uses of lasers
805
Chapter 29
Activation energy, ATP
817
Weak bonds in cells
818
Protein synthesis
82C
Chapter 31
Biological radiation damage
876
Radiation dosimetry
87'
Radiation therapy
88C
Tracers in medicine and biology
88C
Medical imaging: PET and SPET 881,882
NMR imaging (MRI)
882
APPLICATIONS TO OTHER FIELDS AND EVERYDAY LIFE
Chapter 1
The 8000-m peaks
10
12
Estimating volume of lake
Estimating height by
triangulation
13
Chapter 2
Airport runway design
27
Car safety—air bags
29
Braking distances
30
Rapid transit
42
Chapter 3
Kicked football
58,61
Ball sports
66,67,70,71
Chapter 4
Rocket acceleration
78
What force accelerates car?
79
Elevator and counterweight
88
Mechanical advantage of pulley
89
Rock climbing
102,105
Chapter 5
Skidding on a curve
Antilock brakes
Banked curves
Geophysics applications
Artificial Earth satellites
Geosynchronous satellites
Weightlessness
xii
APPLICATIONS
113
113
114
122
122
123
124
Chapter 6
Car stopping distance a v2
Roller coaster
Pole vault
Dart gun
Car power
Lever
Chapter 7
Tennis serve
Gun recoil
Rockets
High jump
Chapter 8
Hard drive and bit speed
Rotating skater, diver
Neutron star collapse
Chapter 9
Lever
Cantilever
Reinforced & prestressed
concrete
Tragic collapse
Arches and domes
Chapter 10
Car brakes, hydraulic lift
Hydrometer
Airplane wings, lift
Sailing against the wind
144
151 157
152
153
159
162
169,173
172
172,186
185
200
214
215
229
231
242
242
243
260
266
272
273
A baseball curve
272
27"
Surface tension, capillarity
27'
Soaps and detergents
27*
Pumps
Chapter 11
Pendulum clock
29:
Shock absorbers, building dampers 29S
29 (
Resonant bridge collapse
Earthquakes
304,305,306,
31:
Chapter 12
Lightning, distance to strike
32:
Autofocusing camera
Musical instruments, stringed and wind 32<
Wind noise
32«
Tuning with beats
33'
Doppler effect, weather forecasting 33'
Redshift in cosmology
34:
Sonic boom
34:
Sonar
34:
Chapter 13
34:
Expansion joints
35.
Opening a tight lid
35'
Gas tank overflow
35'
Highway buckling
36
Mass (and weight) of air in a room 36:
Pressure in a hot tire
36i
Chemical reactions, temperature
dependence
37
terfluidity
373
midity, weather
375,376
:rmostat
379
ipter 14
it loss through windows
396
:rmal windows
397
alues of thermal insulation
397
w clothes insulate
397,399
wective house heating
398
wection on a steep hike
398
liation from the Sun
401,402
ronomy—size of a star
402
ipter 15
im engine
f
416
;rnal combustioii engine
417
rigerator
421
conditioner
422
it pump
423
3R rating
423
rmal pollution, global warming 430
:rgy resources
430
ipter 16
ctrical shielding, safety
457
ptocopy machines
462
er printers and inkjet printers
463
ipter 17
lacitors in camera flashes,
ackups, surge protectors,
lemory, keyboards 480,481,482,484
er high capacitance
482
I: TV and computer monitors
486
illoscope
486
itocell
492
ipter 18
idspeaker wires
501
istance thermometer
502
iting element, lightbulb filament 503
y bulbs burn out when first
lrned on
503
ghtning bolt
504
isehold circuits
505
es and circuit breakers
505
rts & safety
506
snsion cords
506
r dryer
508
erconductors
510
ipter 19
battery charging
532
ip starting a car
532
iking flashers, windshield wipers 537
:tric hazards
538
Ground wires and plugs
540
Leakage currents
541
Downed power lines
541
Digital & analog meters
541,544
Meter connection, corrections 543-544
Condenser microphone
546
Chapter 20
Compass use, magnetic
556
declination
563
Aurora borealis
567
Electromagnets and solenoids
567
Solenoid switching
567
Magnetic circuit breakers
571,572
Motors
572
Loudspeaker
572
Mass spectrometer
576
Electromagnetic pumping
Relay
577
Chapter 21
Induction stove
588
Generators, car alternators
592
Motor start-up current
593
Motor overload
594
Eddy current damping
594
Airport metal detector
595
Radio transformers
596
Electric power transmission
597
Magnetic microphone
598
Read/write on tape and disks
598
Digital coding
598
Credit card swipe
599
Seismograph
599
Ground fault circuit interrupters
599
Capacitors as filters
605
Electric resonance
608
Chapter 22
AM and FM transmission
627
Tuning a station
627
Antennas
628
Cell phones, remote control, cable
and satellite TV
628
Chapter 23
How tall a mirror do you need
635
Where you can see yourself in a
concave mirror
639
Curved mirror uses
635,640,641
Optical illusions
643
Apparent water depth
644
Fiber optics in telecommunications 646
Where you can see a lens image
649
Chapter 24
Highway mirages
667
Rainbows and diamonds
672
Spectroscopic analysis
679
Soap bubbles and oil films
679
Lens coatings
682
Polaroids
685
Seeing into the river
687
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
688
Why the sky is blue, sunsets
are red, clouds are white
690
Chapter 25
Digital cameras, CCD, artifacts
697
Camera adjustments
698
Telescopes
706
Microscopes
708
Hubble space telescope
713
Telescope resolution
714
Special microscopes
716
Uses of X-ray diffraction
718
Chapter 26
Global positioning system (GPS)
739
Chapter 27
Photocells, photodiodes
762
Chapter 28
Fluorescence analysis
802
Fluorescent lightbulbs
803
Laser uses
805
CD, DVD, bar codes
806
Holography
806
Chapter 29
Semiconductor diodes, transistors 828,830
Rectifier circuits
829
LED displays; photodiodes
830
Integrated circuits
831
Chapter 30
Smoke detectors
844
Carbon-14 dating
853
Archeological and geological dating 854
Oldest Earth rocks and earliest life
855
Chapter 31
Nuclear power plants
869
Manhattan Project
871
Radon gas pollution
878
Chapter 33
Star evolution
933
Supernovae
935
Star distances
936
Black holes
941
Evolution of universe
948
ROBLEM SOLVING BOXES
ipter 2
blem Solving
28
ipter 3
blem Solving: Adding Vectors
53
blem Solving: Projectile Motion 56
ipter 4
blem Solving: Newton's Laws;
ree-Body Diagrams
85
blem Solving: In General
96
ipter 5
blem Solving: Uniform Circular
lotion
112
ipter 6
5lem Solving: Work
139
Problem Solving: Conservation of
Energy
157
Chapter 7
Problem Solving: Momentum
Conservation and Collisions
181
Chapter 8
Problem Solving: Rotational Motion 209
Chapter 9
Problem Solving: Statics
230
Chapter 14
Problem Solving: Calorimetry
394
Chapter 15
Problem Solving: Thermodynamics 432
Chapter 16
Problem Solving: Electrostatics:
Electric Forces and Electric Fields
Chapter 19
Problem Solving: Kirchhoff's Rules
Chapter 20
Problem Solving: Magnetic Fields
Chapter 21
Problem Solving: Lenz's Law
Chapter 23
Problem Solving: Spherical Mirrors
Problem Solving: Thin Lenses
Chapter 24
Problem Solving: Interference
APPLICATIONS
454
530
562
588
641
651
683
xiii