Download Canine Respiratory Disease Complex

Canine Respiratory Diseases
There are many different kinds of upper
and lower respiratory diseases. The main
ones you will see in clinic are:
• Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis
(Kennel Cough syndrome)
• Canine Distemper
• Canine Influenza*
• Canine Bordetella*
• Streptococcus species
• Canine adenovirus
Causes
• Pathogenesis-development of the disease in the
body.
• Infectious Agents- Bordetella bronchiseptica and
mycoplasma are the most common infectious
agents involved.
• Transmission- retrieving it from canine to canine.
Most CIRDC pathogens do not survive in the
environment for a long time
Less Common Causes
•
•
•
•
•
•
Heartworm
Heart failure
Neoplasia
Fungal pneumonia
Pulmonary Parasite
Migration
•
Canine Influenza was first
detected in January 2004
Originated from
Greyhound race dogs.
• The first case of Canine
Bordetella was detected in
2004.
Signalment
All dogs are susceptible to some degree, but
unvaccinated, immune compromised and young animals
are especially vulnerable.
• Canine Influenza
-Age: young canines
-Breed: all breeds are susceptible
-Sex: both male and female
•
Canine Bordetella
-Age: young canines
-Breed: all breeds are susceptible
-Sex: both male and female
Transmission
Main transmission from canine to canine
• Fomites- is any inanimate object or substance
capable of carrying infectious organisms
(clothing,hands,shoes)
• Aerosol- an airborne pathogen
• Environmental Contamination- is not a major
source of CDV because the virus is very labile.
(becoming inactive when subjected to heat or ra
diation. )
Transmisson (continued)
Most Canine Respiratory Diseases are NOT zoonotic.
• However, Canine Bordetella is zoonotic (very few human
cases). Bordetella bacteria are usually transmitted to
humans through the air. The virus is an airborne
pathogen, which means it can spread from dog to dog
through the air.
Canine Influenza virus can be transmitted to a dog through direct
contact with an infected dog, through contact with contaminated
items, and by people who may be carrying the virus on their hands
or clothing. The virus can remain alive and infective on surfaces for
up to 48 hours, on clothing for 24 hours, and on hands for 12 hours.
Incubation Periods
• Canine Influenza: Symptoms take
approximately two to four days to set in
after contact with the virus.
• Canine Bordetella: Incubation period is
three to ten days (average 6; in dogs)
Clinical Signs
• May include sneezing, nasal and ocular
discharge (rhinitis and sinusitis), and sometimes
lower respiratory and/or systemic disease (fever)
Canine Bordetella: dry hacking cough, watery nasal
discharge, sneezing. In severe cases- dogs can have
fevers, lethargy, breathing difficulties and anorexia.
Canine Influenza: coughing, nasal discharge, possible
vomiting.
• Culture or PCR of ocular, nasal or oropharyngeal
swab for Bordetella.
• PCR for parainfluenza virus available from some
labs
• Specificity of culture is improved by culturing
transtracheal or endotracheal wash fluid rather
than oral or nasal swabs.
• viral isolation and blood work conducted for both
Expected Results
• Bordetella may be shed up to 3 months.
Viral agents shed < 2 weeks
• Infectious risk is greatly reduced when
dogs no longer have discharge or
coughing.
Treatment (Supportive)
• Dogs that suffer from a respiratory
infection that is caused by a virus may
receive treatment to support the immune
system. This may include rest, fluids and
the restriction of any strenuous activities
such as running.
• Keeping the dog at home in an
environment that is not stressful is also
suggested.
Treatment (Medication)
• Dogs may be prescribed antibiotics by a
veterinarian. Mild cases may be treated
with anti-inflammatory medications
(steroids) and cough suppressants.
• Dogs that are short of breath or have
difficulty breathing may benefit from the
use of bronchodilators to restore free
breathing.
Prognosis
• Canine Influenza: Most dogs with mild signs
recover fully. Death occurs mainly in dogs
with the severe form of disease; the mortality
rate is thought to be 1-5% or slightly higher.
• Canine Bordetella: It is generally not that
dangerous; it only hurts the higher respiratory
tubes. Though not fatal, secondary illness like
pneumonia can lead to serious complications,
some which can cause death.
Pathologic Lesions
• Canine Influenza: Hemorrhages
may be found in the lungs,
mediastinum, and pleural cavity.
The lungs may exhibit signs of
severe pneumonia, and can be
dark red to black.
• Canine Bordetella: infects the
upper respiratory tract causing
canine cough and can lead to
pneumonia.
Prevention
• Canine Influenza: There is an effective and safe
vaccine for canine influenza fully licensed by the
USDA. Nobivac® Canine Flu H3N8 has been shown to
control the spread and minimize the impact of CIV
infection and has been proven safe in half a million dogs.
• Canine Bordetella: A vaccine is available for
Bordetella. Bordetella vaccines help reduce the
severity of complications from the disease.
• If client is immunocompromised (HIV,
chemotheraphy) than consider injectable
bordatella rather than intranasal bordatella
• Canine Influenza
Clients should be told the following:
- Canine Influenza is a respiratory disease that
affects dogs; it cannot be spread to cats or
humans.
- Symptoms last 2-3 weeks and are usually
characterized by a moist cough, runny nose, and
fever.
- Each dog should be evaluated individually as to
the need for the vaccination.
• Canine Bordetella
Clients should be told the following:
- Bordetella is a bacterial infection of the
respiratory tract.
- It is transmitted via air borne nasal, ocular, and
saliva secretions.
- Symptoms last for 7 to 21 days. It is
characterized by a harsh often non-productive
cough.
Canine Bordetella Case Study
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWaLRpd1b8
Canine Influenza Case Study
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTBX7jB
1FBw
References
• http://wvc.omnibooksonline.com/data/pape
rs/2008_SIS6.pdf
• Canine Respiratory Diseases |
eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_54
13001_canine-respiratorydiseases.html#ixzz1FsxHc01i
• http://www.avma.org/public_health/influen
za/canine_guidelines.asp