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Transcript
Islam Chapters 10 and 18 Why study the Muslim World? -About _______________ of the world’s inhabitants – more than one ___________ people – are Muslims. Islam is the _____________ most widely followed religion in the world today. -The conflict between _______________________________________________ in modern times over land in Southwest Asia is rooted in this period. -The _____________ of Islam into Sunni, Shi’a, and Sufi branches that began under the Umayyads continues today. -Islamic scholars preserved the insights of the _____________ that continue to shape modern societies. -__________________ is the best known of many Muslim advances in math. -Modern ______________________ developed from letters of __________ used by Muslim merchants. -The heritage of religious _____________, scholarly achievement, and economic prosperity of these years provides a model that many Muslims wish to follow today. Setting the Stage: The Arabian Peninsula - Connection to 3 Continents - _______________, _____________, and _________________ - Mostly desert with few oases for little _________________ - Desert inhabited by ______________________ herders Bedouins - Arab nomads organized into tribes and clans - Had ideals of __________________________ to the family - Possessed _______________________________ - Would become part of _________________ way of life 1 Islam Chapters 10 and 18 Mecca - Pilgrims come to Mecca to ______________ at the Ka’aba, an ancient ____________ - Arabs associate shrine with Hebrew prophet _____________________ and monotheism - Some tribes worship many gods and spirits, bring _________ to Ka’aba - Some Arabs believe in one God—____________ in Arabic - The Prophet Muhammad Early Life - Around A.D. 570 ______________________ is born into a powerful Meccan clan - Becomes a ____________, marries wealthy _______________________________, Khadijah Revelations - By age 40, Muhammad spends much time in _______________________________________ - He hears angel ___________________ tell him he is a messenger of ____________ - Muhammad founds religion of ______________—“submission to the will of Allah” - Many join him and become _________________—“one who has submitted” The Hijrah - Muhammad’s followers are ______________; together they leave Mecca in 622 - Hijrah—the Muslim migration from Mecca to Yathrib (renamed Medina) - Muhammad attracts many more _______________, becomes great leader: - -political leader—joins ________________________ of Medina as a single community - -religious leader—draws more _______________ to Islam - -military leader—tackles growing ________________ between Mecca and Medina 2 Islam Chapters 10 and 18 Returning to Mecca - In 630, Muhammad and 10,000 followers return to _____________ - Meccan ___________________ surrender - Muhammad destroys _______________ in Ka’aba - Meccans _____________ to Islam - Muhammad _______________ Arabian Peninsula Beliefs and Practices of Islam Islam - The main teaching of Islam is that there is only one god, _____________ - People are responsible for their own actions; there is __________________________ - Islamic monument in Jerusalem—_______________________________ - Muslims believe Muhammad rose to ____________________ here to learn Allah’s will - Jews believe Abraham was prepared to __________________________ Isaac at same site The Five Pillars - Muslims must carry out five duties—the ________________________________________ - -statement of _____________ to Allah and to Muhammad as his prophet - -_____________ five times a day, can use a mosque—Islamic house of worship - -give alms, or _______________ for the poor - -_____________ between dawn and sunset during holy month of Ramadan - -perform the hajj—_____________________________________—at least once Sources of Authority - Original source of __________________ for Muslims is Allah - _________________—holy book, contains revelations Muhammad received from Allah - Muslims follow ________________—Muhammad’s example for proper living - Guidance of Qur’an and Sunna assembled in body of law—________________ 3 Islam Chapters 10 and 18 Links to Judaism and Christianity - To Muslims, Allah is same God worshiped by _________________________________________ - Qur’an, Gospels, Torah—contain _________________________ as revealed through others - Muslims, Christians, and Jews trace their roots to ____________________ - All three religions believe in _______________________________________________________ - Shari’a law requires Muslim leaders to extend religious _________________ Islam Expands Chapter 10, Section 2 Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam A New Leader - In 632 Muhammad ______________; Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to be first caliph - ____________, title for Muslim leader, means “successor” or “deputy” “Rightly Guided” Caliphs - First four caliphs guided by the _______________ and Muhammad’s actions - ______________, armed struggle against unbelievers, used to expand Islam - By 750, Muslim empire ______________ from Atlantic Ocean to Indus River Reasons for Success - Muslim ______________ are well disciplined and expertly commanded - Byzantine and Sassanid empires are ______________ from previous conflict - Persecuted citizens of these empires ______________ Islam - Attracted to Islam’s offer of _____________________________________ 4 Islam Chapters 10 and 18 Treatment of Conquered Peoples - Muslim invaders ________________ other religions - Christians, Jews receive special consideration as “____________________________________” Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis Rise of the Umayyads - Struggles for power end the elective system of choosing a _______________ - ________________ family, Umayyads, take power; move Muslim capital to Damascus Sunni—Shi’a Split - Shi’a—“party” of Ali—believe caliph should be Muhammad’s __________________ - Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s _________________—support Umayyads - Sufi followers pursue life of __________________________________; reject Umayyads - In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids—topple the Umayyads Muslim Culture Chapter 10, Section 3 Muslim Society Four Social Classes - Muslim ________________: Muslims at birth, converts, protected people, slaves - “______________________________” were Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians Role of Women - Women enjoy _______________________ but expected to _____________ to men - Women’s responsibilities vary with husbands’ ________________ 5 Islam Chapters 10 and 18 Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge Muslims Support Learning - Muslims use _________________________________ to help fulfill religious duties - Muhammad valued power of _____________________, study, scholarship - Muslim scholars _________________ and translate scientific, philosophical texts - _______________________________—Bagdad institute: library, academy, translation center Art and Sciences Flourish Muslim Literature - Qu’ran is standard for ________________________; praise for Muhammad, Islam - Abbasid caliphate poets write of _____________________________________________ - Popular literature includes _________________________________________________ Muslim Art and Architecture - Islam discourages images of _______________ things, artists turn to ___________________ - Calligraphy—art of beautiful ______________________ - Architecture of Muslim _________________ is blend of many cultures Medical Advances - Persian al-Razi is greatest _____________________, from 500 to 1500 - Al-Razi writes encyclopedia of _________________________________ Math and Science Stretch Horizons - Muslim scientists solve problems through ____________________________ - Al-Khwarizmi develops _____________________ and writes textbook - Mathematician Ibn al-Haytham changes ideas about ________________ 6 Islam Chapters 10 and 18 Philosophy and Religion Blend Views Scholars Promote New Ideas - Ibn Rushd is criticized for blending _____________________________________ with Islam - Jewish philosopher Maimonides faces ______________________ for his ideas - Blends philosophy, religion, science in The Guide for the Perplexed The “Ideal Man” - Muslims recognize values of many cultures; enjoy a blended culture - The ideal and moral perfect man should be of East Persian derivation, Arabic in faith, of Iraqi education, a Hebrew in astuteness, a disciple of Christ in conduct, as pious as a Greek monk, a Greek in the individual sciences, an Indian in the interpretation of all mysteries, but lastly and especially a Sufi in his whole spiritual life Quote from The World of Islam The Muslim World Expands 1300-1700 Chapter 18 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Chapter 18, Section 1 Turks Move into Byzantium Turkish Warriors - Many Turks live in _________________, on edge of Byzantine Empire - Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who fight for _____________ 7 Islam Chapters 10 and 18 Osman Establishes a State - From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia - Europeans call him Othman and followers ____________________ - Ottomans win battles because they use ____________________________________ - Successors expand state through ____________________________________________ Osman Establishes a State - Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself ________________—overlord - In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople - Ottomans rule ________________ over conquered peoples Timur the Lame Halts Expansion - Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—rises to power in Central Asia - Timur defeats ___________________ in 1402, burning _________________ Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Murad II - Murad II begins ______________________ Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople - Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers ____________________________ in 1453 - Opens city to _____________________________________________________ and rebuilds Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities - In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, comes to power - He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into _______________________ - Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important __________________________ 8 Islam Chapters 10 and 18 Suleyman the Lawgiver A Great Ruler - Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from 1520 to 1566 The Empire Reaches Its Limits - Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522) - Ottomans control eastern ______________________________ - Turks take North African coastline, control inland ______________________ - Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna - By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the ____________________ in the world Highly Structured Social Organization - Suleyman creates ______________________, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation - Army uses devshirme—________________ boys from conquered lands - Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal only to the __________________ - Jews and Christians allowed to _________________________________________ Cultural Flowering - Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of ______________________________ - Sinan, brilliant ___________________, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman The Empire Declines Slowly Gradual Fall - Suleyman _______________________________ and ________________ another - Third son inherits ____________________ but rules weakly - Later sultans _______________________________ and leave their sons _______________ - Long line of __________________________ leads to empire’s eventual fall 9 Islam Chapters 10 and 18 Cultural Blending Chapter 18, Section 2 Patterns of Cultural Blending Cultural Blending in Persia - Between 16th and 18th centuries a ____________________________________ ruled Persia - Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries Causes of Cultural Blending - Changes occur through __________________________________________________________ Results of Cultural Blending - Changes in ____________________, religion, government, use of technology - Racial and ethnic blending, ____________________________ - Cultural styles adapted into _____________________________________________ The Safavids Build an Empire Safavid Origins - Begins as __________________________________ named for founder - Safavids concentrate on building powerful ____________________ Isma’il Conquers Persia - Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers _________________ by 1451 - Takes title of _________________—king - Makes Shi’a Islam official _________________; kills _________________ - Son, Tahmasp, greatly ________________ empire 10 Islam Chapters 10 and 18 A Safavid Golden Age Abbas the Great Shah Abbas—____________________________________—takes throne in 1587 - Reforms - Helps create a thriving Safavid ___________________ - Reforms military and government; brings in ______________________________ A New Capital Esfahan—new capital—is one of the world’s most _____________________ cities - Art Works - Chinese artisans blend __________________________________________ styles Carpets - _________________________________________ becomes national industry The Dynasty Declines Quickly The Safavid Empire Weakens - Abbas kills and blinds his __________________________________________ - Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s ____________________ - By 1722, the empire is losing land to the _________________________________ - Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747 11 Islam Chapters 10 and 18 The Mughal Empire in India Chapter 18, Section 3 Early History of the Mughals Mongol Invaders Mughals, or ________________, invade northwestern India - Conflict - Muslims and ______________ fight for almost 300 years - In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi Sultanate—forms Delhi Sultanate th th - Sultans rule from Delhi between 13 and 16 centuries - Timur the Lame ________________ Delhi in 1398 Babur Founds an Empire - Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at ________ - Is _______________________ and driven south into India - Army conquers much of northern India, forming _______________________ - Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur conquered - Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan Akbar’s Golden Age Babur’s Grandson - Akbar—“______________________________”—rules India from 1556 to 1605 A Military Conqueror - Akbar uses ____________________; names native Indians as officers 12 Islam Chapters 10 and 18 A Liberal Ruler - Akbar allows ______________________________ and abolishes ________ on non-Muslims - Akbar allows _________________________ a chance to serve in high government office - Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; __________________________ - Akbar gives land to his officials, then _______________ it when they ___________ A Flowering of Culture - Many cultures ________________, mixing art, education, politics, and language - New _____________________ like Hindi and Urdu emerge The Arts and Literature - Book illustrations, called _________________________, flourish - Hindu ______________________ reemerges during Akbar’s rule Architecture - New architectural style named for Akbar develops Akbar’s Successors Jahangir and Nur Jahan - Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows _______________ Nur Jahan to control government - Nur Jahan appoints her ___________________ prime minister - Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over ______________________ - Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, __________________________________ group - Sikhs become ____________________ of Mughal hatred 13 Islam Chapters 10 and 18 Shah Jahan - Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor, marries _________________________ - _______________________ all competitors for throne - His wife dies while ____________________________ to her ____________ child in 1631 - ____________________________—huge marble tom Shah Jahan builds for his __________ - Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world The People Suffer - People suffer _____________________ for wars and monuments - Shah Jahan’s third son—Aurangzeb—______________________________ and takes over Aurangzeb’s Reign - Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to its _________________ - Strictly enforces ____________________________ and attempts to get rid of Hindus - Hindus _________________ and Sikhs become __________________ - Levies oppressive _________________ on Hindus, causing more rebellion The Empire’s Decline and Decay The Mughal Empire Crumbles - Over ____________________ people _____________ of famine while Aurangzeb wages war - Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states - Meanwhile, ___________________ arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal - ______________________ traders gain key ports 14
