Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Open energy system models wikipedia , lookup
100% renewable energy wikipedia , lookup
Politics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Energiewende in Germany wikipedia , lookup
Low-carbon economy wikipedia , lookup
Business action on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Mitigation of global warming in Australia wikipedia , lookup
The Marine Socio-Economics Project (MSEP) is a project funded by The Tubney Charitable Trust and coordinated by NEF (the new economics foundation) in partnership with the WWF, the MCS, the RSPB, and The Wildlife Trusts. The project aims to build socio-economic capacity and cooperation between NGOs and aid their engagement with all sectors using the marine environment. Offshore energy in the UK: an overview ck Fli r vvid gha Photo: ra y ia av How much energy do we get out of the sea and how important is it to the UK economy? The UK is a net importer of energy, with a dependency level on imports of about 43%.1 The energy industries in the UK make up 3.5 % of GDP and directly employ 176,000 people.2 Total final consumption of UK energy products can be divided into four sectors: transport (36%), domestic (29%), industrial (17%), and the services sector (13%). The remaining 5% is used for non-energy purposes3 (e.g. lubricants, paraffin waxes, bitumen/asphalt, and solvents).4 Although supply from renewables has been increasing in the UK, fossil fuels (nonrenewable) remain the dominant source of energy, accounting for 87.3% of supply.5 Virtually all (99%) of UK oil and gas comes from the sea,6 and the industry remains the major energy contributor to the UK economy, followed by the electricity sector, including renewables.7 Figure 2 shows the 2013 energy mix for the UK.8 Oil and gas are finite resources and their production is following a trend of long-term decline since production peaked in 1999. In Transport Domestic Use Industrial Use Service Sector 5% 13% 36% 17% Non Energy Purposes 29% Figure 2: UK energy mix (2013) 1% 1% Coal Petroleum Natural Gas 5% 7% 19% Bioenergy and Waste Nuclear Wind and Natural Flow Hydro 35% 32% Net Imports 1 The Department of Energy and Climate Change (2013) Digest of UK Energy Statistics 2013, National Statistics, London: TSO. 5 The Department of Energy and Climate Change (2013) Digest of UK Energy Statistics 2013, National Statistics, London: TSO. 2 The Department of Energy and Climate Change (2013) UK Energy in Brief. 6http://www.oilandgasuk.co.uk/knowledgecentre/operations.cfm 3 The Department of Energy and Climate Change (2013) Energy Consumption in the UK, Chapter 1. 4http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/ V3_5_Ch5_Non_Energy_Products.pdf 1 Figure 1: UK Energy consumption by sector (DECC, 2013) 7 The Department of Energy and Climate Change (2013) UK Energy in Brief. 8https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/total-energy section-1-energy-trends MSEP Facts & Figures Series 3: Offshore energy in the UK: an overview Figure 3: Total UK oil production for offshore fields (1975-2013) 160,000,000 140,000,000 120,000,000 m3 100,000,000 80,000,000 60,000,000 40,000,000 20,000,000 19 75 19 77 19 79 19 81 19 83 19 85 19 87 19 89 19 91 19 93 19 95 19 97 19 99 20 01 20 03 20 05 20 07 20 09 20 11 20 13 0 Source: https://www.og.decc.gov.uk/pprs/full_production.htm Figure 4: UK offshore energy generation 800,000 722,810 Offshore Wind 700,000 Gwh of Energy Oil -41% 600,000 500,000 Gas 459,253 427,421 400,000 -50% 300,000 228,575 200,000 100,000 0 1,754 2009 10,879 +520% 2010 2011 2012 2013 2012, UK energy production was down 10.7% compared to 2011, mainly due to lower levels of oil and gas production.9 and investment in renewables has been too slow to fill the gap (Figure 4). 9 The Department of Energy and Climate Change (2013) Digest of UK Energy Statistics 2013, National Statistics, London: TSO. 12http://www.green-alliance.org.uk/uploadedFiles/Publications/reports/ The%20future%20of%20UK%20infrastructure_WEB.pdf 10https://www.og.decc.gov.uk/pprs/full_production.htm 13 The Crown Estate (2013) Offshore Wind Operational Report. Global spending on renewables has increased more than six-fold over the last decade and the As Figure 3 shows, over the past decade the UK is exceeding this global average. Low-carbon level of offshore oil production has declined infrastructure projects in the UK are worth more significantly by around 50 million m3.10 than four times high-carbon ones and offshore In 2013, the UK Department of Energy and wind projects alone are worth more than four Climate Change (DECC) estimated that the UKs times planned gas power spending.12 Almost total energy production was 6.6% lower than in five million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent 2012, due to record low production levels of coal, emissions were avoided in 2012 through lowoil, and gas.11 In terms of offshore production/ carbon energy projects across The Crown Estate’s generation, the impact is clear. As both oil and portfolio as an alternative to fossil fuel generation, gas production decline, we are importing oil and the majority directly as a consequence of gas from elsewhere as the level of development operational offshore wind farms.13 11https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/295346/1_Total_Energy.pdf 2 MSEP Facts & Figures Series 3: Offshore energy in the UK: an overview To see all current marine offshore wind projects in the UK, download the 2013 timeline from Renewable UK: http://www.renewableuk.com/en/publications/ index.cfm/offshore-wind-Project-timelines-2013 The potential benefits that marine renewables could bring to the UK are three-fold: • • • Carbon emissions reductions; Briefings on Marine Energy (renewable and non-renewable) 1. Offshore energy in the UK: renewables – offshore wind 2. Offshore energy in the UK: non-renewables – oil and gas 3. Offshore energy in the UK: an overview Increased security of energy supply; and 4. Offshore energy in the UK: renewables – algal biomass Economic benefits (including job creation and inward investment). 5. Offshore energy in the UK: renewables – marine energy (wave and tidal) The UK, however, is still behind many European countries and had the ninth lowest share amongst EU countries of low carbon energy in 2011, with the UK’s share of supply is around half (13%) that of the EU average (26%).14 As an island nation, the UK’s potential for renewable energy comes in great part from the sea. Series 3 was written and researched by Fernanda Balata (Researcher at NEF) and Chris Williams (Marine SocioEconomics Project Coordinator at NEF). All the data examined in this series come from the UK Government, The European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), the Crown Estate, Renewable UK, OIl & Gas UK, the Chamber of Shipping or Eurostat - unless otherwise referenced. These data sources can be found on the MSEP website: http://www.mseproject.net/data-sources The UK’s total practical offshore renewable resource (including wind with fixed and floating foundations, wave, tidal range, and tidal stream) is about 531GW or 2131TWh, equal to more than six times its current annual electricity demand.15 But to meet this potential, there is an urgent need for timely investments that can increase deployment and reduce costs. Investment in the UK’s offshore renewable energy sources can help create jobs and support a sustainable UK energy infrastructure. Combined with other low-carbon energy generation, it will also help reduce UK emissions in line with its carbon budgets and put the country on track to meet the target of an 80% cut in emissions by 2050.16 14 The Department of Energy and Climate Change (2013) UK Energy in Brief. 15http://www.offshorevaluation.org/downloads/offshore_valuation_ exec.pdf 16https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/48128/2167-uk-renewable-energy-roadmap.pdf 3 Published by the New Economics Foundation (NEF), June 2014. www.neweconomics.org Tel: 020 7820 6300 Registered charity number 1055254.