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Transcript
Bacteria Chapter 18.1 1 Three Domains of Life • Bacteria- Cyanobacteria and eubacteria • Archaea – prokaryotes living in extreme habitats • Eukarya – Protozoans, fungi, plants, & animals 2 Characteristics of Bacteria 3 Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Found just about everywhere Strong cell walls w/ peptidoglycan Some have a secondary cell wall Eubacteria 5 Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria • Live in extreme and hostile environments • Has ribosomal proteins similar to eukaryotic cells • Cell walls lack peptidoglycans Archaebacteria 7 Methanogens • Break down cellulose in a cow’s stomach • Produce marsh (methane) gas 8 Extreme Halophiles • Live in very salty water • Use salt to generate ATP (energy) • Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake inhabitants 9 Thermoacidophiles or Thermophiles • Live in extremely hot environments • Found in volcanic vents, hot springs, cracks on ocean floor that leak acid 10 Clicker Question! Have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles: A: Prokaryotes B: Eukaryotes C: Nokaryotes Eubacteria vs Archaebacteria Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells 13 Earliest Prokaryotes • Most numerous organisms on Earth • Include all bacteria • Earliest fossils date 2.5 billion years old 14 What domain can be found in harsh environments like: Undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water? A: Bacteria B: Archaea C: Eukarea 15 Clicker Question! Some eubacteria gain energy from the sun (cyanobacteria), but the rest have to gain energy by consuming other organisms. These are called: A. Homotrophs B. Heteroeaters C. Heterotrophs D. Homoconsumers Bacterial Structure • Microscopic • Do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound PLASMIDS organelles • Have ribosomes • Single, circular chromosome • Have plasmids • Unicellular 17 Bacterial Cell 18 Sticky Bacterial Capsule Prevents drying out, allows it to attach to other surfaces, prevents it from being engulfed, & shelters it from antibiotics 19 Pili in Conjugation Hairlike structures that help them attach to surfaces and allow for transfer of genetic material between two bacteria 20 21 Flagella • Bacteria that are motile have appendages called flagella • A bacteria can have one or many flagella 22 Monotrichous Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous 23 Clicker Question! What structure does this bacterium use for motility? A: Flagella B: Cilia C: Pili 24 Bacterial Shapes 25 Shapes Used to Classify • Bacillus: • Coccus: • Spirillum: 26 27 Grouping of Bacteria • Diplo• Strepto• Staphylo- 28 29 30 Clicker Question! What shape and grouping describes the bacteria pointed out below? A: Staphalacoccus B: Streptobacillus C: Diplococcus 31 Staphylococcus Bacterial 32 Streptococcus Causes Strep Throat 33 Bacillus - E. coli 34 Streptobacilli 35 Spirillum 36 Leptospira 37 Clicker Question! 1. _________ 2. _________ 3. _________ 4. _________ 5. _________ A. Staphylococcus B. Coccus C. Spirillum D. Bacillus E. Streptococcus F. Diplococcus 6. _________ 38 Gram Staining • Developed in 1884 by Hans Gram • Bacteria treated with purple Crystal Violet & red Safranin stains • Cell walls either stain purple or pink 39 Gram Positive • Have a thick layer of peptidoglycan • Stain purple • Can be treated with antibiotics 40 Gram Negative Bacteria • Thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall • Outer layer of lipids • Stain pink • Hard to treat with antibiotics 41 Gram Negative • Rickettsiae are bacteria carried by ticks • Cause Lyme disease & Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 42 Clicker Question! Which type of bacteria is susceptible to antibiotics? A: Gram Positive (Dark Purple) B: Gram Negative (Light Pink) 2 kinds of reproduction: • Binary fission • Conjugation Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells 45 Binary Fission E. coli 46 Clicker Question! What kind of reproduction is depicted in the photo below? A: Asexual B: Conjugation C: Binary fission 47 Bacterial Respiration • Anaerobes • Aerobes 48 Modes of Nutrition • Saprobes – feed on dead organic matter • Parasites – feed on a host cell • Photoautotroph – use sunlight to make food • Chemoautotroph – oxidize inorganic matter such as iron or sulfur to make food 49 Bacteria and Survival Bacterial Survival: Mutations • Reproduce quickly • Low rate to fix mistakes in DNA • Leads to increase in genetic diversity 51 Bacterial Survival: Endospores Ecology of Bacteria All living things need Nitrogen Bacteria fix nitrogen to make it usable! Bacteria decompose and recycle nutrients! Normal Flora •Harmless •Live on, in, and around you •E. coli helps make Vitamin K used to help clot blood Useful Bacteria • Some bacteria can degrade oil • Used to clean up oil spills 56 Bacteria make food • Yogurt • Cheese • Buttermilk • Pickles • Chocolate 57 Bacteria make Medicine • Vitamins • Antibiotics: –Streptomycin –Bacitracin –Tetracycline –Vancomycin Pathogens STD: Syphilis, gonorrhea, Chlamydia Respiratory: Strep throat, pneumonia, whooping cough, tuberculosis, anthrax Skin: Acne, boils Digestive: Gastroenteritis, food poisoning, cholera Nervous: Botulism, tetanus, bacterial meningitis Other: Lyme disease, typhoid fever 59