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Enzyme • A protein that acts as a biological catalyst – Catalyst: Any chemical that ______________ reaction but is not _____________ by the reaction – Enzymes are therefore ___________ . • Enzymes ___________ (decomposition) or put together (______________) molecules. – They act as scissors (decomposition) or glue (synthesis) Enzyme act as Catalysts An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction by _____________________ _________________ . Activation Energy The amount of _____________ required to __________ a chemical reaction. Even reactions that give off energy may require a large amount of energy to begin. Example: The activation energy of paper burning is 451 degrees Fahrenheit By ______________ the activation energy, enzymes allow reactions to occur at body temperature that would otherwise require ______________________. Example: The breakdown of sugar into carbon dioxide and water. Enzymes The enzyme is not ___________ in the reaction and can catalyze the same reaction repeatedly. A substrate is a ____________ in an enzyme catalyzed reaction. (Example: starch is the substrate of the enzyme amylase) Enzyme Reactions (Decomposition) Substrate Activation Site Enzyme • The ____________ of an enzyme is very important. It creates an ___________ that will only react with a certain molecule based on its ___________. – Substrate: What is being __________ with help from that enzyme – Active Site: where the substrate(s) _________. • Enzyme names typically end with “______” – Amylase, lipase, peroxidase Enzyme Reactions (Synthesis) Enzyme Reactions 3. ____________________are Enzyme formed and the enzyme begins reacting with Activation Site other substrates again. A and B Products 1. Enzyme And Substrate A-B ____________ 2. Reaction Occurs When the _________ is made Substrate A-B Different Enzyme Reactions Enzyme Cofactors • ______________ are inorganic molecules that are incorporated within enzymes that allow the enzyme to _______. These are often _________ and ___________. Eat your Fruits & Veggies! Rate of Reaction • Rate of the reaction: The time it takes for _____ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ • Certain conditions will affect the rate of reaction for any type of reaction: – – - What do all of these factors have in common? They all increase the _____________ _____________ between the reactants. Higher temperature increases the rate of collisions because ______________________ ______________________________________ Rate of Reaction for Enzymes • All the previous factors also affect an enzyme’s rate of reaction. • Since enzymes are ______________ with specifically shaped _______________, the ________________ (unfolding) of an enzyme also affects its ability to _________________ . • Extreme _____________ and extreme ______conditions denature enzymes and will __________ the reaction rates. High temperature or ____and ____ ions in extreme pH solutions disrupt the ionic and hydrogen ________ between the amino acids causing the polypeptide chain to ______. Denaturation of an Enzyme The unfolded protein changes the shape of the __________ not allowing substrates to ______ . Temperature and Reaction Rate of Enzymes 1. As the temperature goes up enzymes and substrates move ___________. 2. This means they __________ with each other more___________and the reactions will take place at a _________ rate. 3. At high temperatures the enzymes begin to _________ (change shape) and no longer work because they cannot ____________ _______________________________ . Temperature and Reaction Rate Enzyme begins To denature pH and Reaction Rate 1. Enzymes only work in a certain _______ of pH. 2. Enzymes ____________ when the pH is too _______ or to _____. • • Pepsin (found in the stomach) needs a lower pH (____________) Amylase (found in saliva) needs a higher pH Concentration and Reaction Rate 1. Enzyme ___________ is typically _____ compared to ___________ concentration 2. Increasing the concentration of substrates or enzymes will increase the __________________. Review of Concepts • 1. How do enzymes speed up reactions? • 2. What do you call the location on an enzyme where the reactants bind? • 3. What do you call the specific reactants for a certain enzyme? Review Continued • 4. What environmental factors would cause an enzyme to change its shape (denature)? 5. Describe why reaction rates between substrates and enzymes would decrease due to lower temperatures. Review Continued • 6. Describe why enzyme activity increase in section A and why enzyme activity decreases in section B. • A) • B) A B