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Biology Jones Constructing a Cladogram Evolution & Amino Acid Sequences A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between selected animals. The closer the two organisms are on the cladogram, the more recently they shared a common ancestor. Cytochrome-C is an enzyme found in virtually all organisms’ mitochondria. It is needed for the release of energy from food (cellular respiration). The amino acid sequences in this protein are compared for several different animals, and the number of differences found can be used to infer an evolutionary relationship between them. In this activity, this data will be compared using the cladogram below with the cladogram you will construct using the amino acid sequences that create the protein, Cytochrome-C. How to read a cladogram: The cladogram below show the relationship of selected animals based on their shared anatomical features. For example, out of seven key traits, all of these animals have a dorsal nerve chord & notochord, but only humans, monkeys, and kangaroos have mammary glands. Foramen Magnum forward & Short Canine Teeth Placenta Mammary Glands Amnion Paired legs Paired appendages & spinal column Dorsal Nerve chord & notochord 1. You will now construct another cladogram using the SAME organisms on the cladogram above. First, use the amino acid sequence chart attached to determine the number of differences in their amino acids sequences for this one protein, Cytochrome-C. Make a table to record your data. Head the two columns: Species and Number of Differences. For each organism, count the number of differences in the amino acid sequence as compared to a HUMAN. List them on your table. Next, construct your cladogram. Note: You will write your number of differences on your constructed cladogram replacing the place where the anatomical structures are in the cladogram above after you figure out the correct order to place the animals. Create your table and cladogram on the back of this assignment. 2. Compare the first cladogram (Anatomical Differences) that was provided on the first sheet of this activity to the cladogram you created. What is the relationship between the animals with regards to how they are arranged? 3. Hypothetically, if 3rd cladogram was created comparing the amino acid sequences of these same animals of another protein (not Cytochrome-C) and the animals were placed in the same order on this 3rd cladogram, as they are in the Anatomical Differences and Cytochrome-C cladograms, what could you conclude? 4. Chickens and turkeys are both birds and have identical Cytochrome-C amino acid sequences. Explain how these two species could have identical sequences and yet be different species. 5. Neurospora (bread mold) and Saccharomycetes (baker’s yeast) are both fungi. Chickens and turkeys are both birds. The differences in amino acid sequences for Cytochrome-C between these fungi, however, are greater than that between these birds. What can you say about the inferred evolutionary relationships between the two birds compared to the relationship between the two fungi? Explain your reasoning. Use the term molecular clock in you answer. 6. What are the 6 evidences of evolution? How is biochemistry different than the other 5 evidences?