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Early Civilizations: Mesopotamia I. Mesopotamia and Sumer A. Main Idea 1. The first known civilization arose in ___________________, and its culture and innovations influenced later civilizations in the region for ______________ of years. B. Geography Promotes Civilization 1. Fertile area between the ______________ and ______________ rivers became site of world’s first civilization. 2. Fertile ______________ well suited for agriculture. 3. ______________ in Mesopotamia posed challenges: _________ level. 4. People developed methods to control water; Organization: assigning jobs, ______________ resources. C. Sumer 1. The Cities of Sumer: large cities developed by ___________ BC; structures made of mud bricks. 2. ______________: pyramid-shaped temple; walled cities; city + own government + territory = ______________. 3. Religion and Government: __________________; priests, then war chiefs ruled and est. a ______________ (series of rulers from one family). D. Sumerian Culture 1. Writing: ______________. 2. Math and Sciences: system based on number ______; ________, wheel, plow, and basic ______________. 3. The Arts: arches, ramps, columns, sculpture, and cylinder seals. 4. Trade and Society: traded for wood, metals; social hierarchy: distinct male/female roles. 5. The Epic of Gilgamesh E. Empires in Mesopotamia 1. Each conquering invader adapted aspects of ________________ culture - thus Sumerian civilization continued to _____________ life in Mesopotamia. 2. _____________: 2330 BC, created first permanent ________, conquered __________ and northern Mesopotamia, and est. world’s first ___________ (_______________), which lasted about ______ years. 3. Sumerian culture spread far beyond Tigris and Euphrates valleys. 4. The ___________________ Empire: _______________ became king in 1792 BC - __________ all of Mesopotamia. 5. ________________________: 282 laws covering everything from trade to murder. 6. ______________ became Mesopotamia’s greatest city. II. III. Fertile Crescent Empires A. Main Idea 1. __________________________ invaders introduced new technologies to the Fertile Crescent while adapting earlier technologies developed by the civilizations they encountered there. B. The Hittites 1. Decline of _________________ Empire: drawn by wealth of the region, nomadic tribes moved in from the ______________ (arid grasslands north of the Black Sea). 2. Hittite Military Might: warlike Indo-European tribe; Built strong empire in Asia Minor (______________); used _____________. 3. Hittite Culture: blended culture; first to use __________; rule reached peak in __________ BC. C. The Assyrians and the Chaldeans 1. After the Hittite empire fell, the _________________ became the supreme power. 2. The Assyrians (Neo): from ______________ Mesopotamia; adopted ______________ culture; new empire in 900 BC (Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Egypt). Nineveh - capital 3. War Machine: warrior society; war chariots, foot soldiers, cavalry, and masters of ______________ warfare; terror 4. Assyrian Rule: efficient, local leaders, system of __________, brutal with opposition; cultural achievements, library – Nineveh – ___________ cuneiform tablets. D. The Chaldeans (Neo-Babylonians) 1. Assyrians down, Chaldeans up. 2. ________________, capital of their new empire. ___________ built ______________ Gardens. 3. Chaldean culture: developed _________; advances in ________. E. The Phoenicians 1. In an area of western ___________ called Phoenicia, _________ emerged as trading centers, and Phoenicians built a wealthy trading society. 2. Trading Society: ______________ end of Fertile Crescent; farming difficult so turned to the sea for trade. Founded ______ on routes. 3. Alphabet: invented by ______________ to record activities; adopted by many, including the ___________; ancestor of the ______________ language alphabet. The Hebrews and Judaism A. Main Idea 1. The ancient Hebrews and their religion, ______________, have been a major influence on ______________ civilization. IV. B. The Early Hebrews 1. The Hebrews were the ancestors of the Jews, and most of what we know, including the laws and requirements of their religion, Judaism, comes from their later ______________. 2. The ___________ – holy book 3. _____________, father of the Hebrews - God’s _____________; 12 Tribes of Israel 4. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were ______________ 5. Israelites in Egypt - Moses and ____________ - slaves in Egypt, Pharaoh, plagues 6. Israelites out of Egypt - ______________ and The ______ Commandments 7. Promised land - Canaan = __________ C. The Kingdom of Israel 1. The period of the Judges - scattered communities, no _________ government, judges enforce ______, ____________ keep Israelites focused on faith. 2. Israelites united against _____________ - _______, first Israelite king - never won full support 3. ___________, second king - strong king, gifted poet 4. ______________, David’s son - Israel reached height of wealth 5. Conflict after ______________ death - two kingdoms, Israel and ___________ 6. 722 BC, Israel fell to ______________ 7. 586 BC, Judah fell to ______________ - enslaved Jews 8. __________ = scattering of Jews; Persians conquered Chaldeans D. The Teachings of Judaism 1. ____________ the foundation of Hebrew and Jewish societies 2. Belief in One God - ______________ 3. Justice and ______________ - kindness, fairness, code of ethics 4. Obedience to the _________ - Ten Commandments, Mosaic Law 5. Jewish Sacred Texts - Torah, __________, Tanakh The Persian Empire A. Main Idea 1. The Persians formed one of the ___________ and best ________ empires in the ancient world and made great cultural achievements. B. Persian Beginnings 1. Both the Medes and Persians were _________________ tribes both are pre-___________ Iranians 2. _________ helped Babylonians overthrow Assyria and had conquered the Persians 3. Persians allowed to keep their own leaders as long as they did not _______ 4. 559 BC – Persian King __________ leads a rebellion against the Medes C. Cyrus the Great 1. Defeated _________ in 559 BC – founded and expanded the ______________ Persian Empire, ________ in the ancient world 2. Freed ______ in Babylon – allowed them to rebuild their temple in Jerusalem 3. Respected by those he conquered 4. 539 BC – Defeats and ends the Neo-______________ Empire D. Darius I 1. Crushed rebellion after death of __________ son, rose to power in 522 BC 2. Created ___________ army, build roads , strengthened army, empire 3. Strong follower of ______________ 4. Created ____________ to help govern the 20 newly provinces of the empire 5. 499 BC – Miletus rebellion leads to ___________ Wars 6. 490 BC – failed invasion of ___________ at Marathon 7. High point of Persian ___________ 8. Famous in the Bible as the king who threw Daniel into the den of lions for praying to God E. Persia in Decline 1. ___________, son of ___________, took the throne in 485 BC and failed to conquer __________ during the Persian Wars 2. Famous battles – Thermopylae and Salamis 3. Last strong ruler of Persia - praised for being just 4. May be King Ahaseurus in the Bible, destroyer of Babylon’s golden idol - succeeded by son, Artaxerxes I – one of which is thought to be the husband of Ester F. Zoroastrianism 1. During the reigns of Cyrus and Darius, a new religion called Zoroastrianism took hold, based on the teachings of __________. 2. Ahura Mazda, source of good; Ahriman, evil spirit 3. ____________ = good and evil 4. Free will 5. The Avesta, holy text 6. A __________ will bring triumph - new spiritual bodies, one language, evil destroyed 7. Much of Persian Empire - Darius worshipped Ahura Mazda other religions discouraged 8. The ___________ converted the Persians but never completely disappeared – often ______________ 9. Still exists in India and Iran; Parsees (Parsis) G. Persian Achievements 1. Cyrus and Darius encouraged __________ unity - shared culture led to __________ - people worked together to improve empire 2. Network of high quality _________ - Royal Road = world’s first long ______________ - horseback messengers in shifts 3. ______________ a common subject in art and architecture 4. ______________, monument to Persia’s glory - greatest example of Persian ______________