Download Unit Two: Beginnings of Human Society Name: Section 1: Prehistory

Unit Two: Beginnings of Human Society
Name: ___________________________________
Section 1: Prehistory
 Stone Age
o Paleolithic Age: “_______ ________ _______”
2,500,000 B.C.E - 15,000 B.C.E
o Mesolithic Age: “_________ _________ ________” 15,000 B.C.E. – 10,000 B.C.E.
o Neolithic Age: “______ ________ _________”
10,000 B.C.E. - 3,000 B.C.E.
 Paleolithic
o Humans were ______________ and ____________________.
o They were ______________ - traveling in groups of _____________.
o They made ___________, lived in ____________, created _________, and developed fire.
 Mesolithic
o Humans started to _______________ their stone tools for ______________.
o They started ________________ in one area ______ ______________ periods of time, but were still
________________ and ___________________.
 Neolithic
o Humans transitioned from hunting and gathering to a ___________, ________________ _______
o They learned about ___________________and planted _____________ to grow ______________
o They made ____________ out of antlers, _________________, and stone
o They also ___________________ wild animals and used them to _________________ the land.
 Agricultural Revolution
o This transition from _________________ and ____________________ to the advancements of
___________________, led to the Agricultural Revolution.
o Because of the _________ _________________ _______________ and more ________, large, settled
________________ emerged around the world.
Section 2: Cities to Civilizations
 The next step in the development of ______________ ________________ is ______________________.
 Civilizations were advanced cities that had:
o ____________________: safety/security, prevent chaos
o ______________: to have a main central gathering place (govt, religion, markets)
o ___________________: Connected to government, priests run the government, rulers say their power comes from:
the gods
o ______________ __________________: shows how people are grouped according to power/wealth. In early
civilizations, people are grouped by what they do.
o __________: the earliest art is created to show daily life activities (cave paintings), could be a form of expression
o _______________: Record keeping. Births/Deaths, Laws
Section 3: History and Geography of Mesopotamia
 River Valley Civilizations
o _______________________ 3500 B.C.E
o _____________ 3000 B.C.E
o _____________ _______________ 2500 B.C.E
o ______________ 3950 B.C.E.
 Geography
o ________________ was located in the ________________ _______________, which is mostly a ____________
________________, except for the land near the ____________ and ____________________ Rivers
(Mesopotamia).
o Because of this region’s _____________ _______________, shape, and the richness of ______________, it was
known as the “______________ ________________.”
 History
o Attracted by the ____________ ______________, people settled in _______________________.
o Many city-states formed along the ___________and _______________Rivers in Mesopotamia.
o They each had their own form of _______________, and the people ____________ ___________ _____________
and _________________.
o Eventually, they each had their own _____________.
o The first people to settle this area were the _________________, named after Sumer, the region where the ________
__________________ _____________.
o With the fertile soil, ______________ was very _______________and the people cultivated plenty of
_____________.
o
o
o
This meant the people could spend their time doing other things, like ____________ __________.
Many also became ___________ or ___________________.
The people of ____________________ developed a civilization _____________________ in building,
__________________, and in the __________.
Section 4: Government and Society
 Government
o To solve their _________________, Mesopotamians required an ___________________ ____________________.
o Each city-state had its own _____________, _______________, _____________ etc.
o In the beginning, powerful ______________ held the _____________________l power.
o ____________________ _____________________ eventually became the _________________, and passed rule to
their _______________.
o This created a new structure of _______________________ called a _________________- a series of rulers
descending from a _____________ ___________________.
 Obstacles
o As city-states began to ________________, the people were worried about ________________________, so they
built ________________ (sun-dried mud) _______________ around their cities to ________________ themselves
from ____________________.
o ___________________ ____________________ occurred at least once a year, and during the dry
__________________ months, crops needed proper __________________ _____________________.
o The people of Mesopotamia had ___________________natural resources like ______________, _______________,
and metal. They ________________ with other groups around them for the products they lacked.
 Mesopotamian Society
o There were _________________ main classes in Mesopotamian society.
 Upper Class: ____________________, Warriors, __________________
 Middle Class: Merchants, ________________, Craftsmen, ______________________, Farmers,
 Lower Class: _____________ and ______________________.
o The Mesopotamians had a very _______________ justice system. “There was no room for _________________.”
o They had an" ____________ ____________ _________ ______________” mentality, especially for the
_________________ ________________ They felt they should act like the __________________, and be
________________for not doing so, while the _____________ ________________ may pay
_______________instead.
Section 5: Culture
 Invention of Writing
o Writing first began in _________________ over _____________________ years ago, where __________________
began school at age 8.
o Those who _________________ (at age 20) became professional ____________________ called
____________________.
o ____________________ were the only people who could keep ________________ for the ________________ and
________________.
o The records were kept very ______________________.
o ________________________________ was the system of writing the
_________________________________used.
o The cuneiform script began as ______________________________.
o Scribes used a sharp _________________ called a __________________ to etch words into ______________
______________________.
 Other Important Discoveries
o The _____________ ____________________ pulled by a _____________ ____________
o The use of the __________________ for ____________________and _______________________
o The use of ____________________ and __________________________ as sources of ____________________ for
boats along the ______________________
o The use of _________________and ____________________to make cooking _____________________ and
__________________ of ___________________
o Divided the _____________ into 12 regions ____________________
o Modern units of _____________ (60 seconds, 60 minutes)
o ______________ degrees in a _________________
 Religion
o Mesopotamians worshipped _______ _______________, not just one. This belief in many gods is called
_____________________. “Poly” means many and “Theism” means gods.
o There were over ________________ gods people throughout ___________________________ worshiped.
 Enlil- god of ____________/_____________
o
o
o
o
 Anu- _______ ____________
 Enke- _____________ ____________
 Inanna- god of ____________/_________________
 Utu- god of ______________
 Nanna- ______________ _____________
 Adad- _________ _________
Mesopotamians worshiped their gods in temples called ___________________________.
People believed ___________________ had _______________________ power.
Ziggurats were built in the _________________________ of the city.
They had _______________ and ___________________, and it was believed that the gods
_____________________ to the Earth using the ________________________ as a ______________________.
Section 6: The Persians and the Assyrians
 Assyrians
o The _____________________ were people who lived in __________________, parts of the _____________
_________________, Asia Minor, ____________________, ____________________, and Egypt
o The empire was established around ____________________________.
o They were most known for making __________________and _____________________out of
_________________.
o They only lasted ____________________ before __________________________ tore them apart.
o Government
 __________________ by a ________________ who had ____________________ power
 Had a group of _______________ ________________ that ran ____________________
 Had a strong ________________________ system run by people _______________
__________________ where the _________________ ____________ __________________ for an
answer from the ______________ was _____________ ____________________.
 The __________________ was held together by a ________________ ____________________
o Fall of the Assyrians
 The _____________ _________________ in the Assyrian Empire could not __________
________________.
 They were ____________________ by the ___________________ and _________________
 The ______________________ over-powered the __________________ and established a
______________________________ at _________________.
 Babylon fell to the ___________________________ in 539 B.C.
 Persian Empire
o _________________was one of the most famous ______________________ leaders.
o He ____________________ the entire ________________ ____________________ empire including
________________and __________________ making his _________________ the largest in the
_________________ at the time.
o Unlike previous ________________ of Assyria and Babylon, he had a ________________ for _____________.
o The Persians had a ______________________religion.
o Persian Collapse
 ____________________, like other places had a ____________________ government
 Cyrus’ son ___________________ began plans to _____________________ throughout
_____________________
 Darius lead an _______________________ _________________ to conquer
_____________beginning in 490 B.C.
 Darius was replaced by __________________ and continued to ______________ what has become
known as the _________________ _________________
o End of the Persian Wars
 Ironically, the ______________________ and __________________ who were _________________l
enemies in _________________, worked together to defeat the _____________________.
 As depicted in the movie “_____________”, a small group of 300 _____________ ______________
fought a _______________ battle waiting for Athenian _____________________ which eventually
_________________ the Persian army in 479 B.C.