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The City States 700 BC – 335 BC Greek Polis (City-State) – geographic & political center Separated by mountains and seas Shared languages & customs None more powerful than neighbor Each has own government Temple of local god Acropolis (fortified hill) Agora (marketplace) Homes: Upper class, artisans, traders Farming villages, fields, orchards 5,000 – 10,000 citizens Citizens: Adult men born in Greece (Not women, children, enslaved or foreign born) Right to: Vote Own property Speak for self in court Take part in government Defend Polis in time of war 1 Sparta (south central Greece – Peloponnesus) 800 BC Aristocrats (nobles) take over gov’t from kings 2 kings rule jointly (have little power) lead army conduct religious ceremony Aristocrats – citizens Serve in military Serve in Assembly Pass laws Decide questions of war / peace Ephors – 5 elected managers Charge of public affairs Guide education Council of Elders Men over 50 years Chosen for life Suggested laws to Assembly Served as high court Helots Worked the land Enslaved people owned by city-state ½ crops to aristocrat who owned land Peroicci Merchants & artisans Way of life Newborns – healthy – live - unhealthy – left on hillside 2 Age 7 - Age 20 Age 60 - military camp Trained under teenage leaders Read, write, weapons Little to eat / slept outside No shoes / cloak only Silent, eyes cast down Inspection every 10 days Marry Live in military barracks Retire Women More freedoms than other city-states Mixed freely with men Sports Wrestling Racing War “Come home with your shield or on your shield!” Change Spartans believed: Change is bad Other City-States Sparta Using coins Using iron rods Literature & Art Uneducated Business & Trade Farmers & Slave labor High Culture Poor Only Goal: Be the strongest military power 3 Athens A polis on Aegean Sea (very different from Sparta) 750 BC Oligarchy set up (ruled by only a few people) Did not work Fighting between upper & lower classes Draco (a noble) Tries to make changes Too harsh – fails 594 BC Solon (rich merchant) Writes a constitution (a set of principles & rules For governing) - Sets limits on amount of land a person can own - Gives landowners right to vote - Gives Assembly power to make laws - Frees indebted slaves - Offers citizenship to artisans who are not born Athenian - Orders fathers to teach sons a trade More participation in government Trade increase Rich – gone too far Poor – gone not far enough 560 BC Peisistratus takes over Supported by lower classes Divided large estates among farmers No longer had to be a citizen to own land Encouraged arts Sons take over after death 4 Spartans take over 508 BC Cleisthenes (a noble) takes over Democratic Constitution (lasted over 300 years) Favors equality of all people Freedom of speech Assembly open to all males over 20 -Elected 10 generals yearly Run army / navy Chief magistrates (judges) One named Commander-In-Chief Council of 500 Chosen by lot yearly No more than 2 terms No election: unfair advantages Everyone smart enough to hold office Exceptions only in war: need good general Education No public schools Boys – tutor, private schools Age 7 – writing, mathematics, music Practice sports Memorized Homer & other poets Age 18 – Males become citizens Took oath at Temple of Zeus Make Athens a better place Be honorable in battle Follow the constitution Respect their religion Persian Wars 545 BC Persians conquer Ionia (Greek city-states in Asia Minor) 525 BC Ionia revolts Ask Greeks on mainland to help 5 Persians put down revolt Darius (Persian King) wants to punish mainland Greeks 490 BC Darius sends 600 ships and army to Greece Landed at Marathon (Battle of Marathon) Persians decide attack Athens directly Greeks storm Persians as they board ships Persian soldiers are defeated Runner to Athens yelling NIKE (goddess of victory) Pheidippides ran 26 miles Silver mines discovered – wealth spent on Triremes 3 level warships largest fleet 480 BC Xerxes (son of Darius) conquers northern Greece City-States get together Sparta – leads army Athens – leads navy Battle of Thermopylae Army and navy held off Persians Athenians fled to Salamis Traitor leads Persians around pass Persians find Athens empty & set it on fire Persians tricked into strait btwn Athens & Salamis Xerxes returns to Asia 479 BC Battle of Plataea Last of Persian troops defeated Delian League Defensive league (protective group) Headquarters on island of Delos Sparta did not join Common navy Ships built & manned by Athenians 6 Pericles “First citizen of Athens” Rebuilt temples & palaces on Acropolis Built Parthenon (temple of goddess Athena) Built the Long Walls (connected Athens to port) Philosophy & literature hit new heights Decline of Athens Other Greek city-states resented power of Athens Peloponnesian War City-states led by Sparta against Athens Lasted almost 30 years 404 BC Athens surrendered to Sparta 1/3 Athenians killed by war or plague Athenian men became mercenaries - hired men (Persian military) Oligarchy of 30 men set up in Athens Revolt – set up democracy Decline of the City-States Lost sense of community War cost a lot of money Interests changed to making money Bitterness btwn Upper and Lower classes Spartans were harsh rulers 371 BC Thebes & other city-states overthrew Sparta Thebes worse than Sparta – weekend city-states No longer strong enough to fight off invaders 388 BC Philip II of Macedonia conquered Greece Key terms: Polis – city-state Acropolis – a fortified hill Agora – open area used as a marketplace 7 Citizens of Greek City-States - Rights: o Vote o Hold public office o Speak in court - Responsibilities: o Take part in government o Defend the city-state What was the agora in the Greek city-state? The agora was an open marketplace at the foot of the acropolis. 1. City-state = polis 2. Fortified hill = acropolis 3. Open-air marketplace = agora 4. Had the strongest army in Greece = Sparta 5. Had the strongest navy in Greece = Athens 6. A polis was made up of villages, fields, and orchards. 7. At the top of the acropolis was a temple. 8. The average Greek city-state contained between 5,00010,000 citizens. 9. Only citizens of the city-state could vote and own property. 10. The agora was located at the foot of the acropolis. Aristocrats: nobles Helots: enslaved people owned y the city-states Perioeci: merchants and artisans who lived in villages Spartan Society - Citizens: made up of aristocrats - Non-citizens: made up of helots and perioeci Which groups of people worked in Sparta? The helots worked in Sparta. Why did Spartans not pick up new ideas? Spartans did not pick up new ideas because they believed change and new ideas would threaten their way of life. 8 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Nobles = aristocrats Enslaved people = helots Merchants and artisans = perioeci Spartan managers = ephors Served as Sparta’s high court = Council of Elders Sparta was located in a region of Greece known as the Peloponnesus. 7. Spartan citizens were always aristocrats. 8. Unhealthy Spartan newborns were left to die. 9. The life of a Spartan male centered on physical fitness and military training. 10. Spartan women enjoyed wrestling and racing. Oligarchy – a form of government in which a few people have the ruli8ng power Constitution – a set of principles and rules for governing Democratic – a government favoring the equality of all people Triremes – warships with 3 levels of rowers on each side 9 10 11 12