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Periodic Trends Atomic Radius Half of the distance between two bonding atoms nuclei Atomic Radius Trend Increases Increases Ionic Radius • Compare ions to their neutral counterparts • Ion: charged atom that results from the gaining or losing of electrons • Cation: loses electrons and produces a positive charge • Anion: gains electrons and produces a negative charge -1 -2 -3 +3 +1 +2 Cations and Anions Of Representative Elements 5 Cation vs Atom Anion vs Atom Cation is always smaller than atom from which it is formed. Anion is always larger than atom from which it is formed. Isoelectronic have the same number of electrons, and hence the same ground-state electron configuration Na+: [Ne] Al3+: [Ne] O2-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne] F-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne] N3-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne] Na+, Al3+, F-, O2-, and N3- are all isoelectronic with Ne 9 Ionization Energy • Minimum energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state • Indication of how strongly an atom’s nucleus holds onto its valence electron General Trends in First Ionization Energies Increasing First Ionization Energy Increasing First Ionization Energy 12 Electronegativity • Indicates an element’s ability to attract electrons in a shared chemical bond