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Periodic
Trends
Atomic Radius
Half of the distance between two bonding
atoms nuclei
Atomic Radius Trend
Increases
Increases
Ionic Radius
• Compare ions to their neutral counterparts
• Ion: charged atom that results from the
gaining or losing of electrons
• Cation: loses electrons and produces a
positive charge
• Anion: gains electrons and produces a
negative charge
-1
-2
-3
+3
+1
+2
Cations and Anions Of Representative Elements
5
Cation vs Atom
Anion vs Atom
Cation is always smaller than atom from
which it is formed.
Anion is always larger than atom from
which it is formed.
Isoelectronic
have the same number of electrons, and hence the
same ground-state electron configuration
Na+: [Ne]
Al3+: [Ne]
O2-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
F-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
N3-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
Na+, Al3+, F-, O2-, and N3- are all isoelectronic with Ne
9
Ionization Energy
• Minimum energy required
to remove an electron from
a gaseous atom in its
ground state
• Indication of how strongly
an atom’s nucleus holds
onto its valence electron
General Trends in First Ionization Energies
Increasing First Ionization Energy
Increasing First Ionization Energy
12
Electronegativity
• Indicates an element’s ability to attract
electrons in a shared chemical bond